Mental Disorders 1
Mental Disorders
Strayer University
Felicia McCaw
Professor Idonia K. Barrett
CRJ322
Online Summer 2017
September 7, 2017
Mental Disorders 2
Mental Disorders
In the examining of mental disorders is the query of what exactly does it entail? Under dispute is whether mental disorders occur or arise due to physical causes or perhaps environmental causes. Affective and revealing to the mental state would be apparent inappropriate displays of unusual behavior that would conclusively include bizarre acts. In a societal perspective and by some psychiatrist the disorder is looked at as an inability to function as well as the populace who are not suffering a mental disorder that can be likened to “problems in living”. But reflectively, it is classed as a medical problem that is tantamount and real as a physical ailment.
There is a predisposition to ruminate on the peculiarities and intricacies of what can be done to correctly apply a correct label to distinguish what medical diagnosis can be attributed to a client who has significant oddities that are of a suspicious nature. Therefore, the terminology of mental illness has been replaced by the term of mental disorders and by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) and a medical model or psychiatric approach is used to determine ailment or illness that a person is suffering. Further the DSM-IV uses a correlation of identifiers of a possible disorder to pinpoint and attribute the correct name of the disorder that is prevalent. Consequently, the identifiers based on the manual would determine that the characteristics present would lean in the direction of determining the disorder that is being exhibited.
The field of psychiatry classifies mental disorders into two types: derived from organic causes and derived from function, or nonorganic, disorders. Also, implications indicate that an organic cause is a factor that cause mental disorders whereas heredity, physiological disorders, other
Mental Disorders 3
organic deficiencies arise because of an organic cause. Inclusive is minor disorders, maniac-depressive behavior, paranoid behavior, schizophrenia and others. Three key similarities between mental illness and mental disorders are they can range from low impact to high impact, some illnesses require constant care, some need less care and the composition of the illness itself.
Mental illnesses range from different types and degrees of severity with severe psychiatric disorders in the lowest social class. As per the U.S. Surgeon General’s (1999) report: “Mental disorders are health conditions that are characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, or behavior (or some combination thereof) associated with distress and/or impaired functioning”.(p.5) Three key differences between a mental illness and mental disorder need a disorder to be classified as a dysfunction, assigned in the DSM-IV Manuel, and lastly reflect a behavioral or mental pattern. Mental illness affects your mood, thinking and behavior. Functional mental disorders function to adjust individuals to their particular difficulty but have no conclusive evidence that they arrive from organic causes but have latitude to suggest that heredity, physiological disorder and other organic deficiencies may exist. In comparison, minor disorders cannot be reliably predicted but show up as neuroses which can be called obsessions, persistent fears, acts or situation. Lastly, manic-depressive behavior consists of attitude swings ranging from extreme elation to extreme depression. In relation to Adam, the only disorder that may also apply would be functional mental disorder which occurs in his autistic state.
Therefore, the term disorder is used to imply and associate a clinically set of behavioral symptoms associated with the distress and personal functions. In the case of Adam P. Lanza, was born in Exeter, New Hampshire, on April 22, 1992 to the parents of Nancy and Peter Lanza and
Mental Disorders 4
with one brother Ryan six years his senior. Adam was 16 years old when his parents divorced in 2008. Adam was diagnosed with Asperger’s Syndrome which is a type of autism and generally manifests without extreme mental disabilities. The main characteristics are inclusive of poor social skills, lacking nonverbal communication, and being clumsy. Also, inability to develop friendships, selective mutism, inability to emphathize, unable to make eye contact, social awkwardness, narrowed interests, sticking to routine, literal interpretations, excellent pattern recognition and poor motor skills.
On December 14, 2012, Adam Lanza is believed to have shot his mother, Nancy Lanza, in the head at her home in Newton, Connecticut around 9:00 a.m. and proceeded five miles to Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. Adam shot and killed 20 first-graders (14 students in one classroom and six in another classroom) and six adult workers, two teachers who were shot and survived and then shot himself in the head around 9:50 a.m. after firing 50 to 100 shots. During investigations of Adam Lanza’s home found was numerous weapons, ammunition, and books and articles on mass killings but there was no indication of what caused a fixation and target on Sandy Hook Elementary School and the children, teachers and adults there.
Adam had a fixation and obsession with playing violent video games and played for hours and hours and obliterated the victims in the games instead of the villains. Reported is that he was always silent and uncommunicative and that his mother always spoke for him. In 1972, the Surgeon General issued the following warning on violent TV programs: "It is clear to me that the causal relationship between televised violence and antisocial behavior is sufficient to warrant appropriate and immediate remedial action. … There comes a time when the data are sufficient to justify action.
Mental Disorders 5
That time has come." (Steinfeld, 1972). Based on this warning is the perception that Adam has assimilated a persona that he could relate to in his own world but because he is autistic the inability to relay that the innocent or victims are not an enemy but a friend and that the true villain is the enemy is present. In further explanation when violence becomes a natural instinct and the displacement of anger is fueled by obliterating a neutral target then the anger recedes and becomes a content when the anger is satisfied.
Because Adam has a lack of emphathetic skills and literal interpretation is faulty and has severe inability to voice understanding or conception. It is possible that an overstimulation of the amygdala occurred and this with the obsession caused a fight or flight response that when paralleled to the actions done in video games caused a seek a quarry and as personified in the games the victims were probably women, children and non-threatening adults. Parallel with his diagnosis and overstimulation and inability to interpret right or wrong this allowed an acting out of his fantasy because of his studying of mass murders and learning to kill by playing video games and continuing level by level with positive reinforcement.
Backtracking to behavior and the definition of what is normative or abnormal is as follow: (1) The motivation of the behavior affects this distinction, perhaps separating normal hand washing from a neurotic washing compulsion, (2) The situation in which the behavior occurs also influences the judgment, for example, distinguishing appearing dressed only in swimming trunks on an Alaskan street in winter versus the same dress on a sunny California beach, (3) Who makes the judgment – experts, such as qualified psychiatrists, or the general public – also affects the clinical classification of abnormal behavior (Clinard, Meier, 2010). As noted Adam had an obsessive
Mental Disorders 6
compulsion of washing his hands repeatedly and changing his clothing frequently throughout the day and bathing repeatedly as well. He was prescribed Celexa by Koenig which is an antidepressant in a group of drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and it is used to treat depression. As cautioned the drugs is to be prescribed to people aged 18 years and older and has a warning if mood or behavior changes, anxiety, panic attacks, trouble sleeping, impulsive, irritable, agitated, hostile, aggressive, restless, hyperactive (mentally or physically) (Celexa, 2017). Adam was removed off the medicine by his Mother (Nancy) because she stated that Adam was unable to lift his arm.
Because Adam was autistic of the four general theoretical perspectives utilized to examine a mental disorder the second perspective may support that the disorder exhibited may have been nurtured by conditioning or learning experiences (Clinard, Meier, 2010). The stigma attached to either mental illness or to a mental disorder also carries a consequence of negative reaction and becomes a label and affects possible interpersonal relationships and anxiety levels. The levels of bias are associated with social disapproval, prejudice, stereotyping and distrust and because 25% of people are affected with mental illness those burdened are neglected, stigmatized and treated in a punitive fashion. Because Adam was diagnosed at a young age with mental illness one action that could have been done is possible behavior therapy which would include attempts to channel the aggressive behavior into a more positive direction. The process of imagery and concept would be an attempt to change the inception of what the image means and transfer the assimilated and alter the purpose and reroute a directional pattern. Further because functional mental disorders can be altered to act as a bridge then possibly the behavior itself could be changed even in an autistic state along with medication and close scrutiny if Adam Lanza had lived.
References
Clinard, M. B., & Meier, R. F. (2016). Sociology of deviant behavior. Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Learning.
Types of mental illness, (2009, April 28). Retrieved September 07, 2017, from
http://www.dhhs.tas.gov.au/mentalhealth/about_mental_illness/types_of_mental_illness
Mental Illness: Learn the Definition, Tests and Statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved September 07, 2017, from http://www.medicinenet.com/mental_illness/page2.htm
10 Symptoms of Asperger’s Syndrome: Know the Signs. (n.d.).
Retrieved September 07, 2017, from
http://www.activebeat.com/your-health/10-symptoms-of-aspergers-syndrome/?utm_medium=cpc&utm_source=bing&utm_campaign=AB_BNG_US_DESK-SearchMarketing&utm_content=o_c_73461176489677&cus_widget=kwd-73461124621776&utm_term=aspergers syndrome
Adam Lanza. (2016, June 13). Retrieved September 07, 2017, from
https://www.biography.com/people/adam-lanza-21068899
Celexa Uses, Dosage & Side Effects. (2017, February 01). Retrieved September 07, 2017, from
https://www.drugs.com/celexa
Bolton, D, (2001). Problems in the Definition of ‘Mental Disorder’. Philosopical
Quarterly. 51(203). 182
Neurosis. (n.d.). Retrieved September 07, 2017, from
http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/n/neurosis/intro.htm
Neurosis. (n.d.). Retrieved September 07, 2017, from
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/neuroses
(n.d.). Retrieved September 07, 2017, from
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/08/170828105358.htm
(p. 191) Functional mental illness. (2014, November 26). Retrieved September 07, 2017, from http://oxfordmedicine.com/view/10.1093/med/9780199593637.001.0001/med-9780199593637-chapter-015
Fournis, G., & Abou, N. N. (2014). Violence, Crime, and Violent Video Game: Is
There a Correlation? Psychiatric Times, 31(9), 1-4
Robb, J., & Stone, J. (2016). Implicit Bias toward People with Mental Illness: A
Systematic Literature Review, Journal Of Rehabilitation, 82(4), 3-13
References
Page 2
Yeh, M.A., Jewell, R.D., & Thomas, V.L. (2017). The Stigma of Mental Illness:
Using Segmentation for Social Change. Journal Of Public Policy & Marketing
36(1), 97-116. doi:10.1509/jppm.13.125
Varga, S. (2011). Defining mental disorder. Exploring the ‘natural function’ approach.
Philosophy,Ethics & Humanities in Medicine, 6(1), 1-10. doi:10.1186/1747-
5341-6-1
Newtown shooting: Adam Lanza's Psychiatric Treatment Revealed In Documents. (2013, December 28). Retrieved September 07, 2017, from http://articles.courant.com/2013-12-28/news/hc-lanza-sandy-hook-report1228-20131227_1_peter-lanza-adam-lanza-nancy-lanza
Monday, September 18, 2017
CRJ-322 - CRIMINAL MIND CASE STUDY 4
Joran van der Sloot 1
Joran van der Sloot
Strayer University
Felicia McCaw
Professor Idonia K. Barrett
CRJ322
Online Summer 2017
August 24, 2017
Joran van der Sloot 2
Joran van der Sloot
In the study of what makes heterosexual norms as a standard for sexual behavior is the consideration of what is considered normative behavior. As pertains to society the act itself is traditionally placed as an act of intimacy and completion between male and female. During the state of copulation is the fruitful nurturing of offspring and continuance of the human species. The stage of socialization is also a conditional control that helps adhere to norms, taboos and mores surrounding the act of sexual identification and choice. Further religion is a strong factor that influences norms as well as morality for the understanding and conformity to appropriate and the ability to discern what is inappropriate behavior.
With this influence it causes a veering in the direction of evaluating what is acceptable and what is not acceptable depending on the fluidity of change in beliefs and societal changes that also links the level of tolerance to what is considered acceptable versus what is considered unacceptable. The act of deviance is now considered in the eye of the beholder and its true concept is not as rigid and is becoming a normalcy rather than an aberration in behavior. Therefore, attributing an act of deviance is difficult as the societal levels change and interactive abilities increase in the exchange of culture to culture. As with the merging and interplay of society the norms learned which govern the populace change and fluctuate by symbolic communication, direct interaction and mutual agreement.
Consequently, sexual behavior is given rights to change, modify and freedom to act upon but with concessions to informal and invisible constrictions woven into the tapestry of society. The moralistic value of restraint is always a constant when the choice of what is correct behavior that is in accordance with the structural guidelines of society. Therefore, when the deviation from sexual norms surface they can encompass various types of behavior that might have legal ramifications and are prohibited by law as well as those that draw negative reactions. As such
Joran van der Sloot 3
the risks of violating norms become visibly apparent and a prevalency that offends those who expect civility and correct order in society to continue. Based upon this concern and concept the evaluating of deviance of a sexual act is connected to social reactions and the possible negative effects on the populace. Because laws are concerned with correctness the stigma associated with sexual deviance is enhanced and promoted by mass media, informal sanctioning by individuals and activities of organizations to help circumvent emulation of acts considered flagrantly sexual deviant.
In consideration of the diversity of sexual norms in differing countries, the effect of change and its possibility to harm is reflectively looked as balance in regard to sexual deviance that could cause harm to structuralized moralistic views of upbringing versus widespread immorality. Because of this “…individual and groups may disagree with the sexual guidelines established in law (McWilliams, 1993) but as with the concern of safety for all is the need to adhere to a moralistic code and restriction.
As with all acts of a sexual nature the line of variance is also there with acts outside the line and as such these acts varies between what is normal and abnormal in different groups. In relation, sexual acts are a predominant activity and as such the allowance and change of behavior associated to the act has changed due to the softening act (the using of media to cause change and acceptance) which moves the populace to less strictness and allowance. Further, because the sexual revolution is a factor that causes increased permissiveness this causes an inability to label some acts as deviant. But as those who believe in God this allows a normative system that regulates many forms of sexuality that parallels the legal system.
As the acts of sexual deviance varies in different situations so does the forms of heterosexual deviance. In relation the acts of premarital and extramarital sex along with
Joran van der Sloot 4
prostitution are under the category of heterosexual deviance. The effects of extramarital sex is no longer as catastrophic with severe penalties although still disapproved it is accepted. Prostitution is also a malady that troubles all societies and is evident and has been prevalent even though disapproved of even with varying viewpoints. Because it is seen as dehumanizing and a violation against a woman in a man’s society that exploits and debilitate a woman’s ability to survive in a life of decency. Also, the act is in itself an act of control with humiliation of a woman as it true purpose and hate as her master
In the case of Joran van der Sloot, the possible turning points in his life towards deviant behavior as explained by heterosexual deviance would be the relocation to Aruba when he was 16 years old. Also, while living in Aruba Joran lived a life of privilege and “acted with impunity”. He was given access to large sums of money, partied with friends and picked up women for possible sexual interludes.
In the year of 2005, Joran van der Sloot and Deepak and Satish Kalpoe was questioned for the disappearance of Natalee Holloway, 18 years old, of Birmingham, Alabama, on the Island of Aruba. After a series of questioning and changed testimony and conflicting results, Joran was arrested along with his father Paulus van der Sloot but released due to lack of evidence. Five years later, in the year of 2010, Stephany Flores Ramirez was found dead in Lima, Peru in a hotel room registered in the name of Joran van der Sloot. As a result of a pick up at the casino, the couple was witnessed by closed circuit television camera leaving the casino. The hotel room scene reflected a violent struggle with blood splattered everywhere and her wrapped in a sheet, beaten with a broken neck. Joran was subsequently arrested in Chile and removed to Peru where he confessed to the murder and awaited trial and was sentenced to 28 years in prison.
Joran van der Sloot 5
In relation to Joran, the behavior of sexual deviancy also applies to sexual interludes based on one night stands versus traditional ritual of courting that leads to intimacy. Based on the conflicts of society the moral issue is conflicted as well as the associative religious mores. The question of whether this behavior adheres to normalcy is the true pinpointing that sexual deviancy is an issue as well as violence. Based on and in support is the act of perversion is conclusive with an aberrant and abnormal trend of severe sexual maladjustment Further in support, the learning theory is a parallel when establishing that a pattern has been established to continue the act of sexual deviance with a possible model effect as a role to emulate. Therefore, Joran had the privilege of birth to absorb the deviance act as a pattern of life as well as allowed the question of “why” be used as a way to freedom due to who he is and his being an honor student and son of a judge.
The two characteristics of sexual deviance that are applicable to Joran would be the act of promiscuity and possible acts of anger during sex or relational to an act of intimacy. Because the associations (one night stands) were relatively recent and the consequences that occurred alluded to violence support the possibility that a sexual disorder exists. As crimes relates to sex and is connection the party is seen as a sex offender. In the possibility of attempting to help Joran, the choice would be psychotherapy with episodic questions, scenarios and prescriptions to halt possible anger episodes and lower the testosterone levels along with the high levels of promiscuity.
References
Clinard, M. B., & Meier, R. F. (2016). Sociology of deviant behavior. Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Learning.
Fabulous, M. (2016, June 04). Acceptance of Same-sex Sexual Behavior on the Rise in
US. Retrieved August 25, 2017, from http://newsblaze.com/unusual/strange/acceptance-of-same-sex-sexual-behavior-on-the-rise-in-us_59116/
The Psychology Behind Angry Sex: Why You Love 'Hooking Up' With Someone You Hate. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.medicaldaily.com/psychology-behind-angry-sex-why-you-love-hooking-someone-you-hate-345270
Theories for Sexual Deviancy. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.angelfire.com/mi/collateral/page2.html
Sexual Deviance - Paraphilia - Rape - Incest - Legal Issues - Treatment. (n.d.). Retrieved
from http://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/sexual-deviance.htm
Hayes, S., Dwyer, A., & Carpenter, B. J. (2012). Sex, Crime and Morality. London: Willan.
Tustin, R. D. (1976). PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF SEXUAL PROBLEMS.
Australian & New Zealand Journal Of Criminology (Australian Academic Press), 9(4),
221-226.
Joran van der Sloot
Strayer University
Felicia McCaw
Professor Idonia K. Barrett
CRJ322
Online Summer 2017
August 24, 2017
Joran van der Sloot 2
Joran van der Sloot
In the study of what makes heterosexual norms as a standard for sexual behavior is the consideration of what is considered normative behavior. As pertains to society the act itself is traditionally placed as an act of intimacy and completion between male and female. During the state of copulation is the fruitful nurturing of offspring and continuance of the human species. The stage of socialization is also a conditional control that helps adhere to norms, taboos and mores surrounding the act of sexual identification and choice. Further religion is a strong factor that influences norms as well as morality for the understanding and conformity to appropriate and the ability to discern what is inappropriate behavior.
With this influence it causes a veering in the direction of evaluating what is acceptable and what is not acceptable depending on the fluidity of change in beliefs and societal changes that also links the level of tolerance to what is considered acceptable versus what is considered unacceptable. The act of deviance is now considered in the eye of the beholder and its true concept is not as rigid and is becoming a normalcy rather than an aberration in behavior. Therefore, attributing an act of deviance is difficult as the societal levels change and interactive abilities increase in the exchange of culture to culture. As with the merging and interplay of society the norms learned which govern the populace change and fluctuate by symbolic communication, direct interaction and mutual agreement.
Consequently, sexual behavior is given rights to change, modify and freedom to act upon but with concessions to informal and invisible constrictions woven into the tapestry of society. The moralistic value of restraint is always a constant when the choice of what is correct behavior that is in accordance with the structural guidelines of society. Therefore, when the deviation from sexual norms surface they can encompass various types of behavior that might have legal ramifications and are prohibited by law as well as those that draw negative reactions. As such
Joran van der Sloot 3
the risks of violating norms become visibly apparent and a prevalency that offends those who expect civility and correct order in society to continue. Based upon this concern and concept the evaluating of deviance of a sexual act is connected to social reactions and the possible negative effects on the populace. Because laws are concerned with correctness the stigma associated with sexual deviance is enhanced and promoted by mass media, informal sanctioning by individuals and activities of organizations to help circumvent emulation of acts considered flagrantly sexual deviant.
In consideration of the diversity of sexual norms in differing countries, the effect of change and its possibility to harm is reflectively looked as balance in regard to sexual deviance that could cause harm to structuralized moralistic views of upbringing versus widespread immorality. Because of this “…individual and groups may disagree with the sexual guidelines established in law (McWilliams, 1993) but as with the concern of safety for all is the need to adhere to a moralistic code and restriction.
As with all acts of a sexual nature the line of variance is also there with acts outside the line and as such these acts varies between what is normal and abnormal in different groups. In relation, sexual acts are a predominant activity and as such the allowance and change of behavior associated to the act has changed due to the softening act (the using of media to cause change and acceptance) which moves the populace to less strictness and allowance. Further, because the sexual revolution is a factor that causes increased permissiveness this causes an inability to label some acts as deviant. But as those who believe in God this allows a normative system that regulates many forms of sexuality that parallels the legal system.
As the acts of sexual deviance varies in different situations so does the forms of heterosexual deviance. In relation the acts of premarital and extramarital sex along with
Joran van der Sloot 4
prostitution are under the category of heterosexual deviance. The effects of extramarital sex is no longer as catastrophic with severe penalties although still disapproved it is accepted. Prostitution is also a malady that troubles all societies and is evident and has been prevalent even though disapproved of even with varying viewpoints. Because it is seen as dehumanizing and a violation against a woman in a man’s society that exploits and debilitate a woman’s ability to survive in a life of decency. Also, the act is in itself an act of control with humiliation of a woman as it true purpose and hate as her master
In the case of Joran van der Sloot, the possible turning points in his life towards deviant behavior as explained by heterosexual deviance would be the relocation to Aruba when he was 16 years old. Also, while living in Aruba Joran lived a life of privilege and “acted with impunity”. He was given access to large sums of money, partied with friends and picked up women for possible sexual interludes.
In the year of 2005, Joran van der Sloot and Deepak and Satish Kalpoe was questioned for the disappearance of Natalee Holloway, 18 years old, of Birmingham, Alabama, on the Island of Aruba. After a series of questioning and changed testimony and conflicting results, Joran was arrested along with his father Paulus van der Sloot but released due to lack of evidence. Five years later, in the year of 2010, Stephany Flores Ramirez was found dead in Lima, Peru in a hotel room registered in the name of Joran van der Sloot. As a result of a pick up at the casino, the couple was witnessed by closed circuit television camera leaving the casino. The hotel room scene reflected a violent struggle with blood splattered everywhere and her wrapped in a sheet, beaten with a broken neck. Joran was subsequently arrested in Chile and removed to Peru where he confessed to the murder and awaited trial and was sentenced to 28 years in prison.
Joran van der Sloot 5
In relation to Joran, the behavior of sexual deviancy also applies to sexual interludes based on one night stands versus traditional ritual of courting that leads to intimacy. Based on the conflicts of society the moral issue is conflicted as well as the associative religious mores. The question of whether this behavior adheres to normalcy is the true pinpointing that sexual deviancy is an issue as well as violence. Based on and in support is the act of perversion is conclusive with an aberrant and abnormal trend of severe sexual maladjustment Further in support, the learning theory is a parallel when establishing that a pattern has been established to continue the act of sexual deviance with a possible model effect as a role to emulate. Therefore, Joran had the privilege of birth to absorb the deviance act as a pattern of life as well as allowed the question of “why” be used as a way to freedom due to who he is and his being an honor student and son of a judge.
The two characteristics of sexual deviance that are applicable to Joran would be the act of promiscuity and possible acts of anger during sex or relational to an act of intimacy. Because the associations (one night stands) were relatively recent and the consequences that occurred alluded to violence support the possibility that a sexual disorder exists. As crimes relates to sex and is connection the party is seen as a sex offender. In the possibility of attempting to help Joran, the choice would be psychotherapy with episodic questions, scenarios and prescriptions to halt possible anger episodes and lower the testosterone levels along with the high levels of promiscuity.
References
Clinard, M. B., & Meier, R. F. (2016). Sociology of deviant behavior. Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Learning.
Fabulous, M. (2016, June 04). Acceptance of Same-sex Sexual Behavior on the Rise in
US. Retrieved August 25, 2017, from http://newsblaze.com/unusual/strange/acceptance-of-same-sex-sexual-behavior-on-the-rise-in-us_59116/
The Psychology Behind Angry Sex: Why You Love 'Hooking Up' With Someone You Hate. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.medicaldaily.com/psychology-behind-angry-sex-why-you-love-hooking-someone-you-hate-345270
Theories for Sexual Deviancy. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.angelfire.com/mi/collateral/page2.html
Sexual Deviance - Paraphilia - Rape - Incest - Legal Issues - Treatment. (n.d.). Retrieved
from http://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/sexual-deviance.htm
Hayes, S., Dwyer, A., & Carpenter, B. J. (2012). Sex, Crime and Morality. London: Willan.
Tustin, R. D. (1976). PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF SEXUAL PROBLEMS.
Australian & New Zealand Journal Of Criminology (Australian Academic Press), 9(4),
221-226.
CRJ-322 - CRIMINAL MIND CASE STUDY 3
Suicide 1
Suicide
Strayer University
Felicia McCaw
Professor Idonia K. Barrett
CRJ322
Online Summer 2017
August 18, 2017
Suicide 2
Suicide
Suicide and its consequences is one of the prevalent and second leading causes of death of people in their early adulthood. Affecting teenagers, young and older adults it is the cause of death that exceeds all medical illnesses combined. The act of suicide is a deliberate process that is premeditated and planned. As quoted by Durkheim, the act itself is defined as “all cases of death resulting directly or indirectly from a positive or negative act of the victim himself, which he knows will produce [suicide] (1951:44).
The concept of suicide and suicidal has a level of ambigurousity that prevents the clear defining of the reason why the act can be perceived as a social obligation rather than as a choice. But associated with suicide is behavior that is self-destructive and are indicated as indirect suicidal behavior. Therefore, people who choose the act of suicide have the possibility of having undiagnosed depression that may co-currently exist with mental issues that allow acts outside the norm of behavior. Further the ability of having socialization of accepting suicide as an alternative or way of exiting a life that appears too fragmented is a primary problem and a realism that makes the outlet more accepting. Social integration is a factor that allows exhibiting of internal crisis from aggression and be realized in suicide.
Consequently, suicide and depression are depletions in adjustment and socialization because the inability to become immune and stronger has been reduced and subsequently destroyed and result in compliance and concession and a wish to cease to exist. Therefore, as quoted by Ringel (1977) three principle components of a predictable suicide syndrome: (1) constricting or narrowing alternatives, leaving problems with an all-consuming image and no way out except suicide; (2) a certain aggressive response directed toward oneself, perhaps leading to self-blame
Suicide 3
for an unfortunate accident or some other trauma in one’s life; and (3) indulgence in suicidal fantasies that construct and mentally play out suicidal acts.
Because the very existence of utilizing suicide as a closing finality and frightening increase as a choice this makes this a focal point and interest of social media to attempt to foil using suicide as a alternative. Also, because of the very finality and closed nature that gives no relational answers as to why the push by the social media will always be geared toward prevention and helping people remain open to assistance and obtain security, intimacy and bonding to support and prevent upheavals that cause suicidal thoughts.
Further because suicide rates vary around the world the concept and theory is that the cultural viewpoint is different as well as the acceptability by socialization and differentiating norms and taboos. Also, the roles that depression and hopelessness play in creating suicidal thoughts (called suicide ideation) or behavior is paramount in being a step in the development of the suicide process. As with any devastating emotional state the feeling of hopelessness is likened to a close door that cannot be opened with depression as its complement.
Also, with the destruction of self-concept and attitude this encourages and acts as a continuance also to the suicide process. Further that as with other behavior people can learn suicidal behavior and may associate awards or advantages in utilizing a self-destructive act. Since the act is self-destructive it is not irrational behavior but deemed to be an act of purpose which expresses meaning that serves as a rational solution to a problem. As a result possible causes for the differences in suicide rates around the world may also be inclusive of biopsychosocial causes which would include mental health disorders, environmental factors relating to stressful life, e.g., social loss, victimized by harassment, bullying, physical abuse and access to firearms and drugs. Lastly, sociocultural factors would include being isolated or not
Suicide 4
being accepted coupled with other catalysts, e.g., difficulty seeking help or support, lack of access to mental health or substance abuse treatment, a belief system that accepts suicide as a solution and exposure to suicidal behavior.
As pertaining to suicide as a solution and conclusion, it should be considered deviant behavior. In the case of some religions, it is not an acceptable way to end a life but is viewed as a transgression and sin. It is further regarded as an act of disbelief in God’s ability and love to help and restore the light and joy in all people’s life. As such it is considered deviant because people fear for their immortal soul. Also, suicide is considered a cowardly act that reflects the inability to stand upon God’s principles and right.
The act of cyberbullying is defined as “willful and repeated harm inflicted through the use of computers, cell phones, and other electronic devices” (Hinduja & Patchin, 2009; Patchin & Hinduja, 2006). Since the act parallels to bullying it is behavior that has to be intentional with deliberacy, repeated with a noticeable pattern to harm an individual or targeted entity. Further cyberbullying is a form of stalking and online assault that affects a person psychologically, mentally and overall physiologically and should be viewed as a premeditated act of intent and intimidation which reveals a nature of criminality. Assessing the role of cyberbullying is a viability that helps link the experience of peer harassment online with offline as it contributes to “… depression, decreased self-worth, hopelessness, and loneliness – all of which are precursors to suicidal thoughts and behavior (Graham & Juvonen, 1998; Hawker & Boulton, 2000, Joiner & Rudd, 1996; Kaltiala-Heino, Rimpela, Rantanen et al., 2000; Langhinrichsen-Rohlig & Lamis, 2008; Marr & Field, 2001; Roland, 2002).
Other aspects of bullying and cyberbullying include being ignored, disrespected, picked on, or otherwise hassled, spreading of rumors, stalking, or physical threats either personally or
Suicide 5
through some electronic communications. Also, “…Internet-based harm often coincided with other issues (such as offline mistreatment, emotional and psychological problems, academic difficulties, low self-esteem, clinical depression, a lack of a support structure, etc.) to culminate in a final tragic outcome (Hinduja & Patchin, 2009).
Further it is a prevailing aspect that leads to “…several high-profile cases involving teenagers taking their own lives in part because of being harassed and mistreated over the Internet (Apollo, 2007; Halligan, 2006; Jones, 2008), a phenomenon recently termed cyberbullicide – suicide indirectly or directly influenced by experiences with online aggression (Hinduja & Patchin, 2009). Also, cyberbullying and bullying can also involve direct or indirect aggression (Ericson, 2001; Limber & Nation, 1998; Olweus, 1978; Tattum, 1989), with the former involving physical violence (hitting, kicking, taking items by force) and verbal violence (taunting, teasing, threatening) (Hawker & Boulton, 2000) and the latter typically consisting of more subtle, manipulative acts (such as extorting, ostracizing, or intimidating another person) (van der Wal, de Wit & Hirasing, 2003).
Thereby, “… a distinction is made between overt aggression and relational aggression, with the former involving name calling, pushing, or hitting and the latter involving gossip, rumor-spreading, sabotage, and other subtle behaviors destructive to interpersonal relationships (Crick & Grotpeter, 1995; Prinstein, Boergers, & Vernber, 2001; Wolke, Woods, Bloomfield et al., 2000). Based upon findings “it appears that bullying and cyberbullying victimization was a stronger predictor of suicidal thoughts and behaviors than was bullying and cyberbullying offending (Hinduja & Patchin, 2010).
In the case of Rebecca Sedwick’s suicide as a result of constant bullying and cyberbullying, personal tormenting and in relation to taking into account the First Amendment and freedom and speech and expression has caused a conflictual point whereas the rights of one
has been submerged by an act of cruelty. In a nation that guarantees fairness to all this
Suicide 6
inaccordance speaks highly of unfairness and a travesty of justice. In fact, the slippery slope argument is prevalent as a standstill and point of continuance and allowance. Further the effect of social media is a devastating tool of destruction in a youth, medium and adult life and can be a further attributor to suicidal ideation and attempts and accomplishments.
Therefore, since all people are due a level of appropriate treatment for good and civil interactions it is the right of each citizen granted sanctuary to defend self against any level of detriment that reflects a portrayal of falsehood against character. Consequently, the right to challenge is always an inherent right based on the Constitution to protect self, home, family and right to livelihood and due to the social media being an overall global accessed by internet the right to levy charges against a destruction of life and future is also an inherent right to protest a cruelty done with intention.
With that in mind, based on the Constitution if an act is done with true malice and deliberate intent to maliciously harm and compel an act of unwant the right parallels to charge Katelyn Roman and Guadalupe with aggravated stalking and intimidation.
References
Clinard, M. B., & Meier, R. F. (2016). Sociology of deviant behavior. Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Learning.
Luxton, I. d., June, J. D., & Fairall, J. M. (2012). Social Media and Suicide: A Public Health
Perspective. American Journal Of Public Health, 102(S2), S195-S200.
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300608 1/
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives
Of Suicide Research: Official Journal Of The International Academy For
Suicide Research, 14(3), 206-221. doi:10.1080/13811118.2010.494133
van Geel, M., Vedder, P., & Tanilon, J. (2014). Relationship between peer
victimization, cyberbullying, and suicide in children and adolescents: a
meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 168(5), 435-442.
doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4143
Kegler, S. R., Stone, D. M., & Holland, K. M. (2017). Trends
in Suicide by Level of Urbanization – United States,
1999-2015. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly
Report, 66(10), 270-273.
doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6610a2
10 Countries With The Highest Suicide Rates in The World. (2016,
March 31). Retrieved August 18, 2017, from
http://www.wonderslist.com/10-countries-with-the-highest-suicide-rates/
Suicide
Strayer University
Felicia McCaw
Professor Idonia K. Barrett
CRJ322
Online Summer 2017
August 18, 2017
Suicide 2
Suicide
Suicide and its consequences is one of the prevalent and second leading causes of death of people in their early adulthood. Affecting teenagers, young and older adults it is the cause of death that exceeds all medical illnesses combined. The act of suicide is a deliberate process that is premeditated and planned. As quoted by Durkheim, the act itself is defined as “all cases of death resulting directly or indirectly from a positive or negative act of the victim himself, which he knows will produce [suicide] (1951:44).
The concept of suicide and suicidal has a level of ambigurousity that prevents the clear defining of the reason why the act can be perceived as a social obligation rather than as a choice. But associated with suicide is behavior that is self-destructive and are indicated as indirect suicidal behavior. Therefore, people who choose the act of suicide have the possibility of having undiagnosed depression that may co-currently exist with mental issues that allow acts outside the norm of behavior. Further the ability of having socialization of accepting suicide as an alternative or way of exiting a life that appears too fragmented is a primary problem and a realism that makes the outlet more accepting. Social integration is a factor that allows exhibiting of internal crisis from aggression and be realized in suicide.
Consequently, suicide and depression are depletions in adjustment and socialization because the inability to become immune and stronger has been reduced and subsequently destroyed and result in compliance and concession and a wish to cease to exist. Therefore, as quoted by Ringel (1977) three principle components of a predictable suicide syndrome: (1) constricting or narrowing alternatives, leaving problems with an all-consuming image and no way out except suicide; (2) a certain aggressive response directed toward oneself, perhaps leading to self-blame
Suicide 3
for an unfortunate accident or some other trauma in one’s life; and (3) indulgence in suicidal fantasies that construct and mentally play out suicidal acts.
Because the very existence of utilizing suicide as a closing finality and frightening increase as a choice this makes this a focal point and interest of social media to attempt to foil using suicide as a alternative. Also, because of the very finality and closed nature that gives no relational answers as to why the push by the social media will always be geared toward prevention and helping people remain open to assistance and obtain security, intimacy and bonding to support and prevent upheavals that cause suicidal thoughts.
Further because suicide rates vary around the world the concept and theory is that the cultural viewpoint is different as well as the acceptability by socialization and differentiating norms and taboos. Also, the roles that depression and hopelessness play in creating suicidal thoughts (called suicide ideation) or behavior is paramount in being a step in the development of the suicide process. As with any devastating emotional state the feeling of hopelessness is likened to a close door that cannot be opened with depression as its complement.
Also, with the destruction of self-concept and attitude this encourages and acts as a continuance also to the suicide process. Further that as with other behavior people can learn suicidal behavior and may associate awards or advantages in utilizing a self-destructive act. Since the act is self-destructive it is not irrational behavior but deemed to be an act of purpose which expresses meaning that serves as a rational solution to a problem. As a result possible causes for the differences in suicide rates around the world may also be inclusive of biopsychosocial causes which would include mental health disorders, environmental factors relating to stressful life, e.g., social loss, victimized by harassment, bullying, physical abuse and access to firearms and drugs. Lastly, sociocultural factors would include being isolated or not
Suicide 4
being accepted coupled with other catalysts, e.g., difficulty seeking help or support, lack of access to mental health or substance abuse treatment, a belief system that accepts suicide as a solution and exposure to suicidal behavior.
As pertaining to suicide as a solution and conclusion, it should be considered deviant behavior. In the case of some religions, it is not an acceptable way to end a life but is viewed as a transgression and sin. It is further regarded as an act of disbelief in God’s ability and love to help and restore the light and joy in all people’s life. As such it is considered deviant because people fear for their immortal soul. Also, suicide is considered a cowardly act that reflects the inability to stand upon God’s principles and right.
The act of cyberbullying is defined as “willful and repeated harm inflicted through the use of computers, cell phones, and other electronic devices” (Hinduja & Patchin, 2009; Patchin & Hinduja, 2006). Since the act parallels to bullying it is behavior that has to be intentional with deliberacy, repeated with a noticeable pattern to harm an individual or targeted entity. Further cyberbullying is a form of stalking and online assault that affects a person psychologically, mentally and overall physiologically and should be viewed as a premeditated act of intent and intimidation which reveals a nature of criminality. Assessing the role of cyberbullying is a viability that helps link the experience of peer harassment online with offline as it contributes to “… depression, decreased self-worth, hopelessness, and loneliness – all of which are precursors to suicidal thoughts and behavior (Graham & Juvonen, 1998; Hawker & Boulton, 2000, Joiner & Rudd, 1996; Kaltiala-Heino, Rimpela, Rantanen et al., 2000; Langhinrichsen-Rohlig & Lamis, 2008; Marr & Field, 2001; Roland, 2002).
Other aspects of bullying and cyberbullying include being ignored, disrespected, picked on, or otherwise hassled, spreading of rumors, stalking, or physical threats either personally or
Suicide 5
through some electronic communications. Also, “…Internet-based harm often coincided with other issues (such as offline mistreatment, emotional and psychological problems, academic difficulties, low self-esteem, clinical depression, a lack of a support structure, etc.) to culminate in a final tragic outcome (Hinduja & Patchin, 2009).
Further it is a prevailing aspect that leads to “…several high-profile cases involving teenagers taking their own lives in part because of being harassed and mistreated over the Internet (Apollo, 2007; Halligan, 2006; Jones, 2008), a phenomenon recently termed cyberbullicide – suicide indirectly or directly influenced by experiences with online aggression (Hinduja & Patchin, 2009). Also, cyberbullying and bullying can also involve direct or indirect aggression (Ericson, 2001; Limber & Nation, 1998; Olweus, 1978; Tattum, 1989), with the former involving physical violence (hitting, kicking, taking items by force) and verbal violence (taunting, teasing, threatening) (Hawker & Boulton, 2000) and the latter typically consisting of more subtle, manipulative acts (such as extorting, ostracizing, or intimidating another person) (van der Wal, de Wit & Hirasing, 2003).
Thereby, “… a distinction is made between overt aggression and relational aggression, with the former involving name calling, pushing, or hitting and the latter involving gossip, rumor-spreading, sabotage, and other subtle behaviors destructive to interpersonal relationships (Crick & Grotpeter, 1995; Prinstein, Boergers, & Vernber, 2001; Wolke, Woods, Bloomfield et al., 2000). Based upon findings “it appears that bullying and cyberbullying victimization was a stronger predictor of suicidal thoughts and behaviors than was bullying and cyberbullying offending (Hinduja & Patchin, 2010).
In the case of Rebecca Sedwick’s suicide as a result of constant bullying and cyberbullying, personal tormenting and in relation to taking into account the First Amendment and freedom and speech and expression has caused a conflictual point whereas the rights of one
has been submerged by an act of cruelty. In a nation that guarantees fairness to all this
Suicide 6
inaccordance speaks highly of unfairness and a travesty of justice. In fact, the slippery slope argument is prevalent as a standstill and point of continuance and allowance. Further the effect of social media is a devastating tool of destruction in a youth, medium and adult life and can be a further attributor to suicidal ideation and attempts and accomplishments.
Therefore, since all people are due a level of appropriate treatment for good and civil interactions it is the right of each citizen granted sanctuary to defend self against any level of detriment that reflects a portrayal of falsehood against character. Consequently, the right to challenge is always an inherent right based on the Constitution to protect self, home, family and right to livelihood and due to the social media being an overall global accessed by internet the right to levy charges against a destruction of life and future is also an inherent right to protest a cruelty done with intention.
With that in mind, based on the Constitution if an act is done with true malice and deliberate intent to maliciously harm and compel an act of unwant the right parallels to charge Katelyn Roman and Guadalupe with aggravated stalking and intimidation.
References
Clinard, M. B., & Meier, R. F. (2016). Sociology of deviant behavior. Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Learning.
Luxton, I. d., June, J. D., & Fairall, J. M. (2012). Social Media and Suicide: A Public Health
Perspective. American Journal Of Public Health, 102(S2), S195-S200.
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300608 1/
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives
Of Suicide Research: Official Journal Of The International Academy For
Suicide Research, 14(3), 206-221. doi:10.1080/13811118.2010.494133
van Geel, M., Vedder, P., & Tanilon, J. (2014). Relationship between peer
victimization, cyberbullying, and suicide in children and adolescents: a
meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 168(5), 435-442.
doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4143
Kegler, S. R., Stone, D. M., & Holland, K. M. (2017). Trends
in Suicide by Level of Urbanization – United States,
1999-2015. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly
Report, 66(10), 270-273.
doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6610a2
10 Countries With The Highest Suicide Rates in The World. (2016,
March 31). Retrieved August 18, 2017, from
http://www.wonderslist.com/10-countries-with-the-highest-suicide-rates/
CRJ-322 - CRIMINAL MIND CASE STUDY 2
WHITE-COLLAR CRIMES
CASE STUDY TWO
1
White-Collar Crimes
Strayer University
Felicia McCaw
Professor Idonia K. Barrett
CRJ322
Online Summer 2017
July 29, 2017
White-Collar Crimes
2
This type of criminal activity is now synonymous with various types of fraud committed by individuals who have respectability and high standing. It is a crime that is significantly different from ordinary crimes which may require threat or physical force or violence done throughout each class system and regions and are extensive. These actors are not necessarily in need but are professional people, businessman and politicians.
In examination of the three elements that identify a crime as a white-collar crime this involves a crime committed by middle class or higher class offender(s) that use a position to use deceit, mani-pulation and who are motivated by financial gain but are not necessarily in need. Defendant Julian Assange and Wikileaks, stand with allegations of him committing a white-collar crime and possible espionage. In reference to a white-collar the needs to be met are the designations to be reflective of qualifications of being a white-collar crime as follows: characterized by deceit, concealment or violation of trust, and are not dependent on the application or threat of physical force or violence, with motivation of financial gain.
Although Julian Assange is a person of financial stability the profile for a white-collar crime is not deemed appropriate or fits the realm. White-collar crimes are a blasé point to categorize crimes that have a non-violent element and are done under the precedent of financial gain, power, profit, or for positional status. Also, since the act does not have affiliation with a corporate structure this also renders the debate and type of crime as not being white-collar. In the manner of whether the defendant Julian Assange committed a white-collar crime is still a questionable moot for the act does not fit the defining of what a white-collar crime is.
In regard to what entails the possibility of apprending what an act of espionage (Espionage Act of 1917) is as pertains to this case would be the clause “willful communication, delivery, or transmission to any person not entitled to receive it that would be injurious to the United States or an advantage of any
White-Collar Crimes
3
foreign nation”. Therefore, summarily the cause and the attributable reply to such an act is indeed the nature of whether the intent has been done deliberately to cause an injurious state to the United States and any protected entity in said country. By far the claim is hereto an act against said defendant Assange for seen as an act of treason if a member or occupant of the United States. As per a decision of President Woodrow Wilson the act itself is a law to protect the United States against any and all “insidious methods of internal hostile activities”. Further any destructive acts that regulate the United States in a detrimental light to associative countries in the world power position affects and negates the equal standing held and versed within all acts, communication and negotiation ability.
The elements of mens rea is a factor but does the act indeed qualify for true intent to cause an injurious state to the United States, companies and all therein who live and are members and occupants of this country. As such the theoretical proposition is the labeling of an act of espionage applicable and if so what is the cost to defendant Assange if the there was true intent.
Consequently, if the level of intent is to cause injurious harm then defendant Assange would be deemed guilty of an intentional motive to harm the United States by causing a rift in peace, mediation and negotiation ability by giving confidential information to any and all who have enmity toward this country and all therein.
The growing support of Assange is intriguing in the manner of empathetic support to not condemn his actions but support a leaking of information that is not entitled to all the populace but should have been retained due to security and unwanted breaches that could adversely affect the companies, employees and livelihood of working citizens.
The active support is possibly rendered due to a supposed victimless state ad supposed costless crime. As with all crimes, whether white-collar or ordinary criminal acts there are always victims and costs whether thru standing, social interaction, or being depicted as being unprincipled or refusal to be in
White-Collar Crimes
4
alliance with the United States.
Further, because the debatable case of Assange is not conclusively finalized and completed the state of pause is primarily visible due to his asylum in a neutral country of Sweden. But if such an occurrence causes a fallout of injurious state to those concerned who sustained leakages this cause a levy of lawsuits because of information leaked that has compromised the state of equity in each entity that has or has a potential to lose its soluble state and advantage in the business world and affiliates. Therefore, Assange has the outcome expected partially because the accountability level is still extremely high and challengeable but is postponed until possible extradition is started.
Due to this being a nature that affects more than one the Department of Justice would have to classify his behavior as deviance since he has taken asylum in Sweden. Three possible effects on the pursuit of Assange if the Justice Department called session to reconcile a complaint from all involved with a request to alter and change the Espionage Act to address these acts of leaking confidential details that adversely affect the United States, the image of protection for all citizens, commerce and business equity and fairness, and any other factor that surfaces to affect the business, and working citizen then it would cause a move to punish and restrict emulation.
References
Vaidyanathan, B., Khalsa, S., & Ecklund, E. H. (2016). Gossip as Social Control: Informal Sanctions on Ethical Violations in Scientific Workplaces. Social Security Bulletin, 63(4), 554-572. Doi: 10.1093/socpro/spw022
Holland, D. (2017). Control Theory of Deviance. Control Theory Of Deviance – Research Starters Sociology, 1-6.
White-Collar Crime. (2016, May 03). Retrieved July 29, 2017, from https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/white-collar-crime
Go to Bing homepage. (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2017, from https://www.bing.com/search?q=ESPIONAGE%2BACT&form=IENTHT&mkt=en-us&httpsmsn=1&refig=011c80adbbfb47e993061a4c41bcd8a1&sp=-1&ghc=1&pq=espionage%2Bact&sc=8-13&qs=n&sk=&cvid=011c80adbbfb47e993061a4c41bcd8a1
Espionage Act of 1917. (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2017, from http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Espionage Act of 1917
Letters: Support for Assange. (2010, December 09). Retrieved July 29, 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/dec/10/support-for-julian-assange-wikileaks
Andrews, C. (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2017, from http://www.colinandrews.net/WikiLeaks3.html
Justice for Assange. (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2017, from https://justice4assange.com/
CRJ-322 - CRIMINAL MIND CASE STUDY 1
DEVIANT BEHAVIORS
CASE STUDY ONE
1
Deviant Behaviors
Strayer University
Felicia McCaw
Professor Idonia K. Barrett
CRJ322
Online Summer 2017
July 10, 2017
Deviant Behaviors
2
One of the continuous questions in today’s society and the future is how social norms affect society and the populace. Norms are exogenous variables that portray how and why structuralized societal behavior can be advanced and changed. As with the effect of norms that interchange play between moral, social and legal are blurred and sometimes have no delineation between the three.
In consequence, most norms are perceivably viewed and adhered to as standards of society which are obeyed and viewed as a normalcy in everyday society. Further norms are equated to behavioral acts that fulfill the concepts of socialization, social identity, rational choice, self-fulfilling expectations, evolution and acceptable conduct. Also, norms are systematic to behavior as grammar is to the English language. Conditional behavior is fidelity to conformity, socialization, social identity and rational choice as well as how normative beliefs affect behavior.
Further norms are used as restrictive to control behavior, maintain social order, elicit conformity and reflect a correlation between beliefs and behavior. Socialization as a parallel and complement to norms help facilitate a choice between the variables as referenced correct behavior and behavior that is undesirable. Internalized is the process where a psychological need to conform is a set of shared norm. Therefore, acts of deviancy come as a participator against norms and socialization standards and result in deviant behavior.
Even when the act of deviancy occurs it is still an act against internalized norms and therefore a conflictual state against the prevalent status of what behavior is expected as well as choices to be made. The level of norms has the ability to change as views change, concepts of
Deviant Behaviors
3
what is good and what is bad for the people and country and its portrayal of the true self. Actively, social norms are conditional with compliance as a set expectation but with the possibility of being altered as per se for the good of all. Therefore, once norms or social norms are established adherence is expected and acts as a social control to prevent deviancy or perceived views of deviant behavior. As a fidelity to society social control acts as a structural guideline to assist in the continuance of good for the populace and the acts of good for the populace.
When active acts of deviance occur the eroding of self and structure descend to the levels of primal, feral and terroritorial. Because of this active regard to legal sanctions become increasingly voided with summarily disregard for the equality of one much less the many. When the affective states reveal that criminal is norm then the active social control is naught but theory with defiance towards the true law of land and man and deviance allocated to understanding human behavior.
Consequently, the control theories are eroded and any behavior becomes a blasé normalcy and conformity to norms and value of society a heretic. As the level of values and norms descend to immorality thus the regard of respect veers in another direction and becomes primal and animalistic and precipitates aggression and uncontrolled acts without regard for law, order and possible acts of emulation or respect for the dominant race. Therefore, as acts of disregard are done without contemplation of possible self-harm so does the allowance open the gate for deviancy, violence, murder, and increased criminality.
In regards to socialization and nature and nurturing this becomes a point where a deviation occurs when emulation of the dominant classes reflect deviance of expected conduct
Deviant Behaviors
4
therefore it is followed as true right and expectancy to follow whether by temptation, peers, idols or influenced by other people and factors. As social control is usually viewed in a perspective macro-social view this overall peering is minutely hampered but is enhanced by a micro-social perspective with analysis to determine patterns of irregularity and erosion of informal and formal sanctions.
Further the previously held thought of low self-control as held to be perceived as reserved for those of illiteracy, impoverished, unlearned and untaught is now being geared toward equivancy to those of high self-control which makes a mockery of social bonds, strain theories and the differential association by the nature of the act of deliberate deviancy. As with the act of deliberate deviancy this includes the act of criminal acts, conspiracy and defiance of the legal structure in its entirety and nullified acts of socialization (brainwashing).
Also, at the micro-level then macro-level, informal social control can be used by disapproving communication either by gossip or as a result of recordings which spirals upward and outward to influence condemnation or active conformation to standards supposedly adhered to by all. But what occurs at the base is a precipitator to not uphold either informal or formal sanctions and view gossip as a mechanism of social control whether for the good or bad which in turns places informal constrictions or effective negative social control that can be viewed as unethical behavior or a pro-social preventer.
When behavior is exposed to the media as a trumpeter to underline supposed wrongs it can be viewed as egregious behavior being flashed through the news and media. In its effects gossip causes social adhesion and can cause negative connotations either by establishing newly created norms or erasing and eradicating safe, structuralized norms by diverting to acts of
Deviant Behaviors
5
criminal and deviance. Lastly, gossip is not always perceived as a negative but as a possible manipulation tool or facilitator to correct a social dilemma generated by tension, individualism and norms (For example, change from old ways to new ways.).
In the case of Donald Sterling, American Businessman and attorney who previously owned the Los Angeles Clippers, a professional basketball franchise of National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1981 to 2014. In April of 2014, Mr. Sterling was banned for life from the NBA and fined 2.5 Million by formal sanction after private recordings of him making racist comments were made public.
In regard to Donald Sterling’s loss of ownership of the Los Angeles Clippers the effective use of social control is not a factor in the loss of control. Although the level of punishment and fines are a corrective measure as well as a level of negative reinforcement but the level of social control is not a primary factor but a complementary state to adhere to order and restraint. In a perspective view, the compiled action was to save the team, the efforts that Donald Sterling did to push the team to its level of competiveness and rank in the professional field.
Further due to the possibility of labeling, separation was deemed as an effort to salvage the reputation and not lose the rank established, sponsors or his historical gifts to the team. His “baby” still exists because of his foresight and shrewdness. Next, the conversation that was leaked by TMZ Sports and Deadspin, on differing occasions in 2014, to the media which contained a personal message from Donald Sterling to V. Stiviano, mistress, (given name Maria Vanessa Perez) that referred to Black people (and his wish for her not to broadcast that she was associating with Black people because it bothered him, that she can sleep with {Black people}, she can bring them in, she can do whatever she wants, but he requested her to not bring them to
Deviant Behaviors
6
his games). Per se this conversation is not reduced to the level of degradation or inflammatory slurs or slander, it is a personal conversation that was disclosed illegally (due to the right of both parties of privacy and confidentiality). Although publicized, the active fine and formal sanction can still be questioned and challenged.
Therefore, since formal social control authority lies within legislative forces that establish societal guidelines then the act of law and policies were eroded in this challenge of ownership and is more of a display of manipulation, behavior expectation to activate informal social control (incite gossip, hidden prejudice and hate) and act of power. As far as social norms for men of Sterling’s age the use of derogatory language when discussing a member of another race is not a parallel behaviorism, trait that leads to bigotry or is a factor that supports an alignment of profane or derogatory language aimed at another race.
Social norms are geared mostly toward socialization and conditioning where behavior is taught, repeated and instilled to be embedded and internalized. Living in a society that is based on oppression and suppression of races the social norms does not adequately explain or support a theory that men of Sterling’s age has a propensity to be viewed as a bigot or attacker of other races due to age or can be seen exclusively as deviant behavior in a seemingly “politically correct” society that spirals continuously with attacks on Blacks, Latinos, and other races.
For example, a “politically correct” society would never infringe upon the rights of Black people or the rights to an education, health care of any right that contends as an inhibitor to life and procreation. As with the course of politics is the course of legitimacy and correctness of law and land. Therefore, comes the question of what is a “politically correct” society when all rights are stripped and an informal sanction or warning should have been sufficient but due to exterior
Deviant Behaviors
7
pressure the “politically correct” society became the piranha and allowed ownership to be taken by utilizing a formal sanction. Ironic is the viewpoint that as described marginalizing or insulting of groups of people who are disadvantaged, discriminated against is seen as a depiction by the dominant sex or race and as fidelity by implication the enforcing of these sanctions are excessive and in turn victimization. The true context reveals a disparity in the application and enforcing of political correctness in the non-consistent pattern of hidden prejudice, malice and bigotry whether in the same race or dissimilar race.
Consequently, a “political correct” society would have levied a fine not total exclusion from viewing or not being allowed to retain his designated seat at the Los Angeles Clippers game, or banning from life from the NBA. Informal sanctions pertain to norms, taboos and standards and should be enough to halt certain behavior by threat of fine or certain restrictions that would be levied and made to be accounted.
But in this case a formal sanction was imposed on Donald Sterling for his comments which were gained illegally. The purpose of the fine and ostracism was to separate the team (Los Angeles Clippers) from him and adverse publicity, retain the sponsors, and goodwill of the team and continuance.
References
Bicchieri, C., & Muldoon, R. (2011, March 01). Social Norms. Retrieved July 10, 2017, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/social-norms/
What is the difference between formal and informal sanctions? (n.d.). Retrieved July 10, 2017, from https://www.reference.com/world-view/difference-between-formal-informal-sanctions-5652fda1dc346757
Political correctness. (2017, July 10). Retrieved July 10, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_correctness
Saucier, D. A., Hockett, J. M., & Wallenberg, A. S. (2008). The impact of racial slurs and racism on the perceptions
and punishment of violent crime. Journal Of Interpersonal Violence, 23(5), 685-701.
doi:10.1177/0886260507313774
Vejar, C. (2017). Informal & Formal Social Control, Informal & Formal Social Control – Research Stars Sociology, 1.
Vaidyanathan, B., Khalsa, S., & Ecklund, E. H. (2016). Gossip as Social Control: Informal Sanctions on Ethical Violations in Scientific Workplaces. Social Security Bulletin, 63(4), 554-572. Doi: 10.1093/socpro/spw022
Holland, D. (2017). Control Theory of Deviance. Control Theory Of Deviance – Research Starters Sociology, 1-6.
CRJ-322 CRIMINAL MIND DISCUSSION 10
RESPONSE TO CO-STUDENT
Your power point is powerful and expressive and shows depth, feeling and it is presented to intrigue the interest and concern and make a person continue to explore, read and absorb.
One thing about suicide is that it is final and it is a choice individuals make. It is sad that suicide is considered a solution and has connections to mental disorders and mental illness. One thing I know is that helping self means helping others and this makes all life valuable and precious.
Also, the act of suicide always has elements that have triggered a choice like this.
Thank you.
Felicia
Hello everyone
Here is my power point to contribute my help to all those suffering from Mental Illness and Mental Disorders. I too have seen some pretty rude and mean treatment and victimization of people who are ill and disabled.
Thank you!
Felicia
Attachment: MENTAL DISORDERS..ADAM LANZA.FM.Presentation1.pptx (5.667 MB)
Your power point is powerful and expressive and shows depth, feeling and it is presented to intrigue the interest and concern and make a person continue to explore, read and absorb.
One thing about suicide is that it is final and it is a choice individuals make. It is sad that suicide is considered a solution and has connections to mental disorders and mental illness. One thing I know is that helping self means helping others and this makes all life valuable and precious.
Also, the act of suicide always has elements that have triggered a choice like this.
Thank you.
Felicia
Hello everyone
Here is my power point to contribute my help to all those suffering from Mental Illness and Mental Disorders. I too have seen some pretty rude and mean treatment and victimization of people who are ill and disabled.
Thank you!
Felicia
Attachment: MENTAL DISORDERS..ADAM LANZA.FM.Presentation1.pptx (5.667 MB)
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
