Glassy eyes peered mysteriously through the haze of dark twilight
Hearing an owl hoot hoot Shaka shook her long braids of dreds
Crouching in the long grassy weeds she looked and watched them come
Smiling a smile of feral she summoned them to come deeper deeper
Thundering steps pounded in ears and mind driven beyond thought cascaded deep
Voice of Southern drawl hollered with horrendous appetite she came this way this way
Trepidation filled her heart of slight as she gauged her escapes in a mind of tired
Eyes wide she watched the whip flip flip as the sky thundered why why
Feeling the earth of moist cold sweet she cast a spell of protect
Flashing of teeth of whitest white showed vivid in dark of darkest blue of night
Feet of swift moved past grace as she darted in and out making a path of clear visible
Hearing the faltering of feet and cursing of blue profane she giggled quick deep
Hearing a hiss of silence of death she grasped the moccasin hard fast and propelled in bag of burlap with others sealed
Leaping fast she flew on feet of deadly silence as the wind turned South leaving a turn here and there
Seating aperch a tree she peered below listening intent with smile as they asked between them all where where where
Casting down snakes of hate she muffled a grin of mischievous glee delight as shriek after shriek ranted complaints through air of still
Watching them scramble scramble run away she smiled triumph of peace won until another day
By
Felicia McCaw
Thursday, June 30, 2016
A Little Carrot
Eyes full of rain and sorrow
Cried to Lord God once, twice, thrice
Father help me please for my teeth are too long they say
Feeling warm caress on head of young sighed sweetly he and she
Fret not o’ sweet ones for all comes as what may
Rainbows of happy begin to dance in eyes of innocent
For God has devised all to his will
By
Felicia McCaw
Cried to Lord God once, twice, thrice
Father help me please for my teeth are too long they say
Feeling warm caress on head of young sighed sweetly he and she
Fret not o’ sweet ones for all comes as what may
Rainbows of happy begin to dance in eyes of innocent
For God has devised all to his will
By
Felicia McCaw
Saturday, June 25, 2016
The End of Anná
Sorrows cry deep in the soul
Makes me want to weep
Looking around she sees
Nobody to care for her
Working all her life
She gave and sweetly she pleaded
For mercy and kindness begged her
But for her none came
Until the end of life was her gift of same
By
Felicia McCaw
Makes me want to weep
Looking around she sees
Nobody to care for her
Working all her life
She gave and sweetly she pleaded
For mercy and kindness begged her
But for her none came
Until the end of life was her gift of same
By
Felicia McCaw
Tuesday, June 21, 2016
The Future of Digital Crimes and Digital Terrorism - ESSAY REPORT - CIS170
The Future of Digital Crimes and Digital Terrorism
1
The Future of Digital Crimes and Digital Terrorism
Strayer University
Felicia McCaw
Professor Sean Hord
CIS 170
Online Spring 2016
June 9, 2016
The Future of Digital Crimes and Digital Terrorism
2
Digital crimes also interchangeably referred to as computer crime is the violation and invasion of a computer or network with the intent of committing fraud, malicious damage or complete destruction. Not only is invasion as a concept of unwanted intrusion but the felonious use of a computer and network to commit these acts of criminality reflect the directional path of future criminal acts.
In result of the increased surveillance and increased security being regulated by cyber trained law enforcement the expected methodology of intrusion and criminal acts are expected to be changed and differentiated. Because the versatility and ease of using the computer, network and new technology in criminal acts these tools are more of a hinder than a plus for law enforcement. Further the escalating usage of computer and internet users signifies that the rate of internet crime will escalate because of the supposed status of not being able to be caught.
Another factor that encourages criminal activity is the ease of financial gain and with commitment, knowledge and newly learned technology this can be evidentially a plus in a criminal’s favor and a self-facilitator to act and commit. Crime as a state is not an inherent trait but a studied and learned behavior with full emulative ability that in turns acts as its own stimulus.
As with digital crime, digital terrorism is also a prevalent malady that is troubling the United States and its law enforcement agencies. Escalating attacks, intrusion, denial of service (DoS) are very costly and financial inhibitors to the businesses and governmental agencies under attacks. Further the increased use of wireless local area networks acts as temptation to invade, intrude and perpetuate a crime.
The Future of Digital Crimes and Digital Terrorism
3
Acts of digital terrorism can also be facilitated against private citizens with the use of network and social-psychological exploitative manipulation. The inducing of fear and intimidation is the goal of primary for criminals along with social alteration. Because of the state of anonymity this is a spiraling stimulus of the increase of attacks and the internalizing of fear.
In challenge to the levels of intimidation and threat against people and government the overall impact as far as economic is to circumvent the attacks against business, customers and alliances. By investigation, pursuit, prosecution and communicative acts between agencies these criminal acts are too flagant to ignore and with coordination between agencies the increase should be abled to be handled.
Preventing the effect on social aspects of life is to remove the overall impact and combat digital crime and digital terrorism to ensure no change in interactive daily usage of computers and internet. Because the entrepreneurial spirit is highly evident the safety of records, financial transactions and support of business continuality is primary along with personal safety for users of all computerized devices.
As such the examining of computer crimes and terrorism as it affects independent segments of law enforcement throughout the United States is phenomenally large. Some of the challenges law enforcement deal with is the preserving and sanctifying of evidential evidence for court to facilitate and assist with the closing of a case. Another challenge is the pinpointing the area where the act of criminality occurred and the jurisdiction that covers it. Interchangeable communication between the governmental agencies has to be coordinated with suggestive and with singular thought to win and close the case.
The Future of Digital Crimes and Digital Terrorism
4
Amazingly the coordination and cooperation between criminals is incredible and rather awesome and reflects a sophisticated approach and as legal enforcement the upgrading, honing and learning of technical skills is important. One way or strategy that the United States could use to mitigate some of the attacks or challenges is to regulate new security and firewall protection. Bridging the chasm between law enforcement and digital crime will require extensive education in the computerized arena to assist with updating security and protective measures.
Also, the capturing and organizing of information should be uniform per regulations and retained in a pattern to reflect co-agreement between agencies to allow ease and accessibility to all law enforcement agencies. Facilitating a uni-base which contains all records with full access to the secret services, FBI, and Department of Homeland Security should help stop the compromising of cases with immediate changes reflected.
Future trends in digital crime and digital terrorism will continue on its path of escalation with the use of new technology and innovative changes in the network and usage. Fraud and Identity Theft will continue to be the largest criminal offenses due to the ability of criminals who are attacking to stay anonymous and the lack of limitation of the Internet. Further the ease of committing crimes is pure simplicity with a minimum of cost that acts as charging stimulus and as such criminals see this as a “go” signal.
Strategy at its best works as an assistant, coordinator to facilitate a defensive stance against the ongoing surge of criminal behavior being used as a complement to digital crime and digital terrorism. One thought to keep in mind is that the law is the law and all have to obey the laws and treated same and with that thought in mind corrective study of actions, mannerisms,
The Future of Digital Crimes and Digital Terrorism
5
attitudes toward people, businesses and governmental agencies become a prior to help combat destructive behavior with the facilitation of psychological methodology and indicative studies.
One step at time is the strategy for the United States to combat digital crime and digital terrorism with the applying of penalties, criminal time with no probation and the treating of invasionary violations as a treasonal act with charges that applicably apply. Further because the criminal element has a lead the creation of departments to foil and circumvent these activities along with the installing of extreme security which would track and trace invaders would be an advisement to follow.
REFERENCES
Taylor, R.W., Fritsch, E.J. & Liederbach, J. (2015), Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism.
(3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson, Inc.
Donnelly, M. (2015). Social Impacts of Cyber Crime. Research Starters: Sociology (Online Edition),
Kuehn, L. (2016). Threats from the digital underground. CCPA Monitor, 22(5), 52-53.
Gogolin, G. (2011). THE CHASM BETWEEN LAW ENFORCEMENT AND DIGITAL CRIME. Journal of Current Issues in Crime, Law & Law Enforcement, 4(4), 469-478
1
The Future of Digital Crimes and Digital Terrorism
Strayer University
Felicia McCaw
Professor Sean Hord
CIS 170
Online Spring 2016
June 9, 2016
The Future of Digital Crimes and Digital Terrorism
2
Digital crimes also interchangeably referred to as computer crime is the violation and invasion of a computer or network with the intent of committing fraud, malicious damage or complete destruction. Not only is invasion as a concept of unwanted intrusion but the felonious use of a computer and network to commit these acts of criminality reflect the directional path of future criminal acts.
In result of the increased surveillance and increased security being regulated by cyber trained law enforcement the expected methodology of intrusion and criminal acts are expected to be changed and differentiated. Because the versatility and ease of using the computer, network and new technology in criminal acts these tools are more of a hinder than a plus for law enforcement. Further the escalating usage of computer and internet users signifies that the rate of internet crime will escalate because of the supposed status of not being able to be caught.
Another factor that encourages criminal activity is the ease of financial gain and with commitment, knowledge and newly learned technology this can be evidentially a plus in a criminal’s favor and a self-facilitator to act and commit. Crime as a state is not an inherent trait but a studied and learned behavior with full emulative ability that in turns acts as its own stimulus.
As with digital crime, digital terrorism is also a prevalent malady that is troubling the United States and its law enforcement agencies. Escalating attacks, intrusion, denial of service (DoS) are very costly and financial inhibitors to the businesses and governmental agencies under attacks. Further the increased use of wireless local area networks acts as temptation to invade, intrude and perpetuate a crime.
The Future of Digital Crimes and Digital Terrorism
3
Acts of digital terrorism can also be facilitated against private citizens with the use of network and social-psychological exploitative manipulation. The inducing of fear and intimidation is the goal of primary for criminals along with social alteration. Because of the state of anonymity this is a spiraling stimulus of the increase of attacks and the internalizing of fear.
In challenge to the levels of intimidation and threat against people and government the overall impact as far as economic is to circumvent the attacks against business, customers and alliances. By investigation, pursuit, prosecution and communicative acts between agencies these criminal acts are too flagant to ignore and with coordination between agencies the increase should be abled to be handled.
Preventing the effect on social aspects of life is to remove the overall impact and combat digital crime and digital terrorism to ensure no change in interactive daily usage of computers and internet. Because the entrepreneurial spirit is highly evident the safety of records, financial transactions and support of business continuality is primary along with personal safety for users of all computerized devices.
As such the examining of computer crimes and terrorism as it affects independent segments of law enforcement throughout the United States is phenomenally large. Some of the challenges law enforcement deal with is the preserving and sanctifying of evidential evidence for court to facilitate and assist with the closing of a case. Another challenge is the pinpointing the area where the act of criminality occurred and the jurisdiction that covers it. Interchangeable communication between the governmental agencies has to be coordinated with suggestive and with singular thought to win and close the case.
The Future of Digital Crimes and Digital Terrorism
4
Amazingly the coordination and cooperation between criminals is incredible and rather awesome and reflects a sophisticated approach and as legal enforcement the upgrading, honing and learning of technical skills is important. One way or strategy that the United States could use to mitigate some of the attacks or challenges is to regulate new security and firewall protection. Bridging the chasm between law enforcement and digital crime will require extensive education in the computerized arena to assist with updating security and protective measures.
Also, the capturing and organizing of information should be uniform per regulations and retained in a pattern to reflect co-agreement between agencies to allow ease and accessibility to all law enforcement agencies. Facilitating a uni-base which contains all records with full access to the secret services, FBI, and Department of Homeland Security should help stop the compromising of cases with immediate changes reflected.
Future trends in digital crime and digital terrorism will continue on its path of escalation with the use of new technology and innovative changes in the network and usage. Fraud and Identity Theft will continue to be the largest criminal offenses due to the ability of criminals who are attacking to stay anonymous and the lack of limitation of the Internet. Further the ease of committing crimes is pure simplicity with a minimum of cost that acts as charging stimulus and as such criminals see this as a “go” signal.
Strategy at its best works as an assistant, coordinator to facilitate a defensive stance against the ongoing surge of criminal behavior being used as a complement to digital crime and digital terrorism. One thought to keep in mind is that the law is the law and all have to obey the laws and treated same and with that thought in mind corrective study of actions, mannerisms,
The Future of Digital Crimes and Digital Terrorism
5
attitudes toward people, businesses and governmental agencies become a prior to help combat destructive behavior with the facilitation of psychological methodology and indicative studies.
One step at time is the strategy for the United States to combat digital crime and digital terrorism with the applying of penalties, criminal time with no probation and the treating of invasionary violations as a treasonal act with charges that applicably apply. Further because the criminal element has a lead the creation of departments to foil and circumvent these activities along with the installing of extreme security which would track and trace invaders would be an advisement to follow.
REFERENCES
Taylor, R.W., Fritsch, E.J. & Liederbach, J. (2015), Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism.
(3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson, Inc.
Donnelly, M. (2015). Social Impacts of Cyber Crime. Research Starters: Sociology (Online Edition),
Kuehn, L. (2016). Threats from the digital underground. CCPA Monitor, 22(5), 52-53.
Gogolin, G. (2011). THE CHASM BETWEEN LAW ENFORCEMENT AND DIGITAL CRIME. Journal of Current Issues in Crime, Law & Law Enforcement, 4(4), 469-478
Saturday, June 18, 2016
Discussion Week 11 - Humanities 112
Reflection
Identify two (2) specific concepts you learned in the course that surprised or intrigued you, and explain why.
The specific concepts that I learned in this class is the realization that there are techniques that classify painting styles and building styles that are an attribution to culture. When I took this class I was pretty much ignorant of our cultural heritage and the influential background that helped serve as a catalyst in artistic explorations. I feel that in order to appreciate art this class will do so and will allow the creative spirit to be instilled and become internalized within the next generation. Because I too like art I also would like to pick up a paint brush and proceed from there.
Exquisite and refined is what I found in this book and class. This class was not a hardship but an adventuresome spirit or comrade to journey forever with me as a mentee and it my mentor. Further my entire view of life, art and anything that is conceptionally viewed as artistical has changed my perspective, mindset, analytical ability and acceptability.
I thank you for the privilege.
Write three or four (3-4) sentences about your cultural event experience for Assignment 3.
Assignment Three became an exciting seek and find adventure. Not only did I get to travel and ramble about in Detroit looking for the museum it also allowed me to peruse and see the changes in downtown and look at the people bustling around with business as usual. Because I was in a hurry I was a little nervous because I did not have a map. But when I saw the museum I was impressed with the sheer class of the building, paintings and cultural imprint and sheer overwhelming interior that houses some of the most famous artistical paintings on earth.
After taking this class, do you see any reason for learning about the history of societies -- did learning about societies change your view about the Humanities before taking this class?
Yes, after taking this class I am even more interested in the different races we have and the differing cultural explorations that are associative to social norms and rules. This class is very indicative and conclusive of arts affect on history, politics and the alternation of people’s behavior and it was my pleasure to learn how artistic outbursts could facilitate all of this.
My goal is to learn about people with the viewpoint of equality for all and as such the love of all has to be in my heart and I realize it so for others as well because of the inclusive nature of all race depictions in this book that represent them in a more or less tribute to all.
I was a little intimidated but became more comfortable after the first discussion and the next and the next and the next. Timidness left and then the adventure began.
Thank you so much again.
Felicia McCaw
Reply to co-student
I agree that the Harlem Renaissance was a phenomenon that occurred mostly due to the Great Migration Movement that was pretty much due to disappointment and disillusionment in the South. This in turn allowed a great conglomerate of monies to flow in Harlem because this is where everyone wanted to be. Fame and Money and Power ran through this ghetto and if a person is poor then what is it that put stars in people's eyes. The freedom to explore, unite and carve an identify for themselves is what Black people did...they became associated and considered human beings.
Further women have always had a hard time fitting in the work arena whether in art or general work. The two side street is too narrow for them to tread upon but they manage anyway (black, white, hispanic, etc.) it does not manner. They are gifted and should be allowed passage not oppression and rejection.
The museum visit sounds great...I will start to go to more when I have time.
I agree history takes you from a place you were and progressively helps you move forward to ensure no repeats of mistakes.
It's been nice communicating with you and others.
Thank you.
Felicia McCaw
Identify two (2) specific concepts you learned in the course that surprised or intrigued you, and explain why.
The specific concepts that I learned in this class is the realization that there are techniques that classify painting styles and building styles that are an attribution to culture. When I took this class I was pretty much ignorant of our cultural heritage and the influential background that helped serve as a catalyst in artistic explorations. I feel that in order to appreciate art this class will do so and will allow the creative spirit to be instilled and become internalized within the next generation. Because I too like art I also would like to pick up a paint brush and proceed from there.
Exquisite and refined is what I found in this book and class. This class was not a hardship but an adventuresome spirit or comrade to journey forever with me as a mentee and it my mentor. Further my entire view of life, art and anything that is conceptionally viewed as artistical has changed my perspective, mindset, analytical ability and acceptability.
I thank you for the privilege.
Write three or four (3-4) sentences about your cultural event experience for Assignment 3.
Assignment Three became an exciting seek and find adventure. Not only did I get to travel and ramble about in Detroit looking for the museum it also allowed me to peruse and see the changes in downtown and look at the people bustling around with business as usual. Because I was in a hurry I was a little nervous because I did not have a map. But when I saw the museum I was impressed with the sheer class of the building, paintings and cultural imprint and sheer overwhelming interior that houses some of the most famous artistical paintings on earth.
After taking this class, do you see any reason for learning about the history of societies -- did learning about societies change your view about the Humanities before taking this class?
Yes, after taking this class I am even more interested in the different races we have and the differing cultural explorations that are associative to social norms and rules. This class is very indicative and conclusive of arts affect on history, politics and the alternation of people’s behavior and it was my pleasure to learn how artistic outbursts could facilitate all of this.
My goal is to learn about people with the viewpoint of equality for all and as such the love of all has to be in my heart and I realize it so for others as well because of the inclusive nature of all race depictions in this book that represent them in a more or less tribute to all.
I was a little intimidated but became more comfortable after the first discussion and the next and the next and the next. Timidness left and then the adventure began.
Thank you so much again.
Felicia McCaw
Reply to co-student
I agree that the Harlem Renaissance was a phenomenon that occurred mostly due to the Great Migration Movement that was pretty much due to disappointment and disillusionment in the South. This in turn allowed a great conglomerate of monies to flow in Harlem because this is where everyone wanted to be. Fame and Money and Power ran through this ghetto and if a person is poor then what is it that put stars in people's eyes. The freedom to explore, unite and carve an identify for themselves is what Black people did...they became associated and considered human beings.
Further women have always had a hard time fitting in the work arena whether in art or general work. The two side street is too narrow for them to tread upon but they manage anyway (black, white, hispanic, etc.) it does not manner. They are gifted and should be allowed passage not oppression and rejection.
The museum visit sounds great...I will start to go to more when I have time.
I agree history takes you from a place you were and progressively helps you move forward to ensure no repeats of mistakes.
It's been nice communicating with you and others.
Thank you.
Felicia McCaw
Law Enforcement Challenges - ESSAY REPORT - CIS170
Law Enforcement Challenges
1
Law Enforcement Challenges
Strayer University
Felicia McCaw
Professor Sean Hord
CIS 170
Online Spring 2016
May 27, 2016
Law Enforcement Challenges
2
As a facet of criminology the primary focus of law enforcement is to counter and prevent criminal activity. In order to facilitate this preventative focus is kept on protecting the rights of citizens with the objective of administering, applying laws and punishment as needed when violated. With the changes and innovation of technology this has caused a tremendous change in the approach to deal with violations of the law that includes states of exploitation, cyber stalking and obscenity.
Law enforcement and exploitation is at a point where the escalating predatorial pattern is exhibiting an inordinate growth due to enormous profits that is causing a different approach by law enforcement to gain control. Because the nature of crimes are for a majority being committed online it causes a wider spectrum for the elusiveness of violators to escape without being punished.
The scope and increasing amount of online violations and its prevalency has caused an inability for law enforcers to keep up because they are understaffed and relatively ill-equipped. Further because online or internet usage has grown it is being used to perpetuate other criminal activities due to it being harder to pinpoint and circumvent all activities because they are using various methodology to commit more and more crimes.
Investigating exploitation, cyber stalking, and obscenity as a case these are three of the worst crimes on the internet that has intricacies woven in. Because establishing a point or position is almost impossible to prove it is apparent that the establishing of evidence can be next to impossible. Therefore, victimization is a process that is continuous with sometimes an end that is not preventable because of time consumption and the elusiveness of the predator. Further
Law Enforcement Challenges
3
because of imaginative tactics of preventing disclosure of author this too is a problem because of a predator using someone as a cloak and attacking this way. As analysis of situational scenario require it is a priority to be understanding when a staged attack is occurring and the level of preventative is upmost and upfront with the possibilities of trial and error as these are some of the considerations that are examined.
The elements of a crime is hard to conceptualize when there are so many variables and the possible preserving of electronic evidence is difficult to facilitate. Proving probable cause is also a perplexing task when dealing with exploitation, cyber stalking and obscenity because of the inability to establish a common cause and the multitude of users on the internet makes it very difficult to prove when an exploiter, cyber stalker or obscener can be located anywhere in the world. Further without good presentation of probable cause there is no case to pursue and no ability to warrant and search and seize. Therefore this scenario proves another problem for law enforcement and enforcers.
In consequence, the same issues that trouble law enforcers also parallel to the challenges that overlap in differing jurisdictions and are encountered in the fight against cyber crime. Establishing a point of criminality is also next to impossible even though attempts are made to correctly do so. Further since the location of crime is hard to determine the appropriate jurisdiction has to be designated based on the last criminal act done or discovered in either a segment or location to make the conviction hold.
In the fight against cyber crimes conductive sting investigative operations are done to halt, circumvent, arrest and prosecute offenders. Using specialized digital evidence recovery and
Law Enforcement Challenges
4
analysis as a complement and assistant in fixating the case and establishing protective support of evidence this is an operational must. In order to facilitate and keep evidence safe and fresh training has to be done and as well as have a supportive budget to collectively challenge the escalating criminal base.
Unfortunately, the widening gap between technological changes and enactive laws to deal with cyber crime is apparent because of the inability to keep pace and severe hampering of the lack of strident legal codes at the local level and disability to subpoena across state lines for evidence and conviction. Local levels dismissive of cyber crimes by allocating all as a misdemeanor charge is clear evidence that attempts are not being made to try to halt these crimes. Conflictive to the infrastructure provided this segment is a free will establishment to continue acts of criminality. Further due to inner corruption these overall challenges persist and grow even more despite the beginning amount of reports being made of crimes done against citizens it is still not enough to effect change and prevent.
Some solutions that may be utilized to deal with cyber crime that is done across state lines is to charge as proportion the criminal act done in one state and then the other. Establish the probable cause first and then pursue and proceed with the following legal procedures (warrant, search, seize and arrest). Trace and track until point of origin of criminal act or where misdeed was done and convict in state located despite crossing of state lines. Reinforce and support infrastructure established to reduce and prevent cyber crime and consider changing the punishment from a misdemeanor to felony. Further define and establish agreement of what
Law Enforcement Challenges
5
cyber crime as legal defensive in all criminal levels throughout all states to have a commoncy which reflects a sameness with higher punishment rates.
In order to facilitate a challenge to cyber crime an overhaul would have to be done in the approach that is currently being used to measurably halt, circumvent and prevent cyber crime. Irregardless of where the act of criminality occurred whether across state lines or in one state the ability of law enforcement to work together as a complemented whole should be allowed. When it all comes down to it crime is crime and justice is justice.
REFERENCES
Taylor, R.W., Fritsch, E.J. & Liederbach, J. (2015), Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism.
(3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson, Inc.
Erbschloe, M. (2016). Computer and Internet Crime. Computer & Internet Crime - Research Starters Business, 1-5. doi:10-3331/ors_bus_1505
Donnelly, M. (2015). Social Impacts of Cyber Crime. Research Starters: Sociology (Online Edition),
1
Law Enforcement Challenges
Strayer University
Felicia McCaw
Professor Sean Hord
CIS 170
Online Spring 2016
May 27, 2016
Law Enforcement Challenges
2
As a facet of criminology the primary focus of law enforcement is to counter and prevent criminal activity. In order to facilitate this preventative focus is kept on protecting the rights of citizens with the objective of administering, applying laws and punishment as needed when violated. With the changes and innovation of technology this has caused a tremendous change in the approach to deal with violations of the law that includes states of exploitation, cyber stalking and obscenity.
Law enforcement and exploitation is at a point where the escalating predatorial pattern is exhibiting an inordinate growth due to enormous profits that is causing a different approach by law enforcement to gain control. Because the nature of crimes are for a majority being committed online it causes a wider spectrum for the elusiveness of violators to escape without being punished.
The scope and increasing amount of online violations and its prevalency has caused an inability for law enforcers to keep up because they are understaffed and relatively ill-equipped. Further because online or internet usage has grown it is being used to perpetuate other criminal activities due to it being harder to pinpoint and circumvent all activities because they are using various methodology to commit more and more crimes.
Investigating exploitation, cyber stalking, and obscenity as a case these are three of the worst crimes on the internet that has intricacies woven in. Because establishing a point or position is almost impossible to prove it is apparent that the establishing of evidence can be next to impossible. Therefore, victimization is a process that is continuous with sometimes an end that is not preventable because of time consumption and the elusiveness of the predator. Further
Law Enforcement Challenges
3
because of imaginative tactics of preventing disclosure of author this too is a problem because of a predator using someone as a cloak and attacking this way. As analysis of situational scenario require it is a priority to be understanding when a staged attack is occurring and the level of preventative is upmost and upfront with the possibilities of trial and error as these are some of the considerations that are examined.
The elements of a crime is hard to conceptualize when there are so many variables and the possible preserving of electronic evidence is difficult to facilitate. Proving probable cause is also a perplexing task when dealing with exploitation, cyber stalking and obscenity because of the inability to establish a common cause and the multitude of users on the internet makes it very difficult to prove when an exploiter, cyber stalker or obscener can be located anywhere in the world. Further without good presentation of probable cause there is no case to pursue and no ability to warrant and search and seize. Therefore this scenario proves another problem for law enforcement and enforcers.
In consequence, the same issues that trouble law enforcers also parallel to the challenges that overlap in differing jurisdictions and are encountered in the fight against cyber crime. Establishing a point of criminality is also next to impossible even though attempts are made to correctly do so. Further since the location of crime is hard to determine the appropriate jurisdiction has to be designated based on the last criminal act done or discovered in either a segment or location to make the conviction hold.
In the fight against cyber crimes conductive sting investigative operations are done to halt, circumvent, arrest and prosecute offenders. Using specialized digital evidence recovery and
Law Enforcement Challenges
4
analysis as a complement and assistant in fixating the case and establishing protective support of evidence this is an operational must. In order to facilitate and keep evidence safe and fresh training has to be done and as well as have a supportive budget to collectively challenge the escalating criminal base.
Unfortunately, the widening gap between technological changes and enactive laws to deal with cyber crime is apparent because of the inability to keep pace and severe hampering of the lack of strident legal codes at the local level and disability to subpoena across state lines for evidence and conviction. Local levels dismissive of cyber crimes by allocating all as a misdemeanor charge is clear evidence that attempts are not being made to try to halt these crimes. Conflictive to the infrastructure provided this segment is a free will establishment to continue acts of criminality. Further due to inner corruption these overall challenges persist and grow even more despite the beginning amount of reports being made of crimes done against citizens it is still not enough to effect change and prevent.
Some solutions that may be utilized to deal with cyber crime that is done across state lines is to charge as proportion the criminal act done in one state and then the other. Establish the probable cause first and then pursue and proceed with the following legal procedures (warrant, search, seize and arrest). Trace and track until point of origin of criminal act or where misdeed was done and convict in state located despite crossing of state lines. Reinforce and support infrastructure established to reduce and prevent cyber crime and consider changing the punishment from a misdemeanor to felony. Further define and establish agreement of what
Law Enforcement Challenges
5
cyber crime as legal defensive in all criminal levels throughout all states to have a commoncy which reflects a sameness with higher punishment rates.
In order to facilitate a challenge to cyber crime an overhaul would have to be done in the approach that is currently being used to measurably halt, circumvent and prevent cyber crime. Irregardless of where the act of criminality occurred whether across state lines or in one state the ability of law enforcement to work together as a complemented whole should be allowed. When it all comes down to it crime is crime and justice is justice.
REFERENCES
Taylor, R.W., Fritsch, E.J. & Liederbach, J. (2015), Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism.
(3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson, Inc.
Erbschloe, M. (2016). Computer and Internet Crime. Computer & Internet Crime - Research Starters Business, 1-5. doi:10-3331/ors_bus_1505
Donnelly, M. (2015). Social Impacts of Cyber Crime. Research Starters: Sociology (Online Edition),
Digital Crime Theories - Essay Report- CIS170
Digital Crime Theories
1
Digital Crime Theories
Strayer University
Felicia McCaw
Professor Sean Hord
CIS 170
Online Spring 2016
May 7, 2016
Digital Crime Theories
2
The study of criminology is a scientific procedure wherein the acts or nature of a crime and its extent, causes, control, consequences and preventative measures are done that involve both the individual and social levels in an interactive fashion to alleviate, control and dispel. Criminology involves a multitude of crimes that are committed on a daily basis ranging from white collar crimes to non-white collar crimes also known as “street crimes”.
Criminal behavior is learned behavior done by emulation or by association which includes the parallism of active participants in the initiation and culmination of the act. The acts of white crimes are inclusive of the intrusive invasion using computers and other internal information in businesses to complete acts of embezzlement, corporate espionage, money laundering, identity crimes and fraud. The crimes are offenses that would be included in the field of digital crimes of this nature and require a certain amount of knowledge and sophistication to pull off along with accomplices and are usually planned events synchronized carefully to prevent discovery.
As with all acts of crime the cause of digital crime is prevalent due to the ease, availability and expanded opportunities to invade and exploit a situation that is unable to control due to the overwhelming magnitude of the internet. Further criminals or offenders know that they have the advantage and unscrupulously take advantage for financial gain and acts of malice. Subsequently, the incentive and impetus involved is that the increase of computer users symbolizes a pigeon or an easy mark. Another motive for digital crime is the high tech ability to cause destruction speedily, effectively and as a facilitator to the overall criminal act. Not only is digital crime an enabler for criminal acts it is a tool for instigation of premeditated acts against individuals, companies and countries either for political or non-political reasons.
Digital Crime Theories
Page 3
Consequently, digital crime is like an accessory to information warfare and a tremendous financial enabler that helps facilitate additional criminal acts. As technology expands and evolves this allows the innovative usage of digital crime as a stabilizer in organized crime. Because digital crime is initiated and self-motivated the Rational Choice Theory is applicable in the labeling of this behavior because of cognitive choice. The ability of humans in decision making allows the assumption of acknowledgement that all are capable and motivated by self-interests, the act of weighing costs and the beneficial gain with the least amount of exertion to obtain the objective.
Theoretically, the difficulty of achieving the criminal objective is measured with the thought of preventatives to cause a modification in behavior. Modifying the behavior is an entitlement and advantage overall to the social structure with corrections. Founded in the Control Theory is the inexplicable assertion that the definitive nature of acts stems from self-interest or egoism.
An example of Rational Choice Theory going into effect would be the crime of Identity Theft. This crime allows the acknowledgment that the deed is wrong but gain overshadows the risk with the advantage of ease, lucrativeness and the lack of fear of getting apprehended. Therefore, supportive of this theory is this crime and the procedural steps taken to facilitate and complete the act.
Whereas Rational Choice Theory deals with the examination of digital crime theories and the manifestation and mechanics of self-interest and determent of action using the methodology of negative reinforcement. Strain Theory revolves around the level of economic distress and impoverishment that effectively modifies behavior and allows deviation in normal behavior.
Digital Crime Theories
Page 4
Structural weakness or vulnerability is unfortunately a factor of socio-economic distress which is a promoter of digital crimes and deviant behavior. Digital crime acts as a facilitator to allow monetary gains to live the life of success with a bypass of regulatory work and the ethic of work to be dismissed. Also, digital crime acts as an anomie where social regulation is a correlating element to the fragmentation of social order and a breakdown in legalistic norms further establishes a paradigm and posit for active deregulation.
The crime of Embezzlement would be a resultant of the Strain Theory due to the nature of these criminal acts being committed and as supportive of this theory these are acts of people from distressed socio-economies. Although, acknowledgment is there the need and desperation for money overshadows the risk and compels the offender to act and dismiss the fear of being caught.
As a collaborator of deeds and actions the Differential Association Theory is supportive of the fact, assertion and explanation of why people commit the act of digital crime. As a theory digital crime is a sociological phenomena that has spiraled upward with the increase of latitude and opportunity available. The theory reflects that influential associates are a major contributor to the acts of digital crime due to acts of emulation and modelization. Acting as a facilitator this level of crime is instigated through a none biological predisposition but is a resulting event from the social environment, surroundings, individuals and values sought and learned from those with adversion to following legalistic norms. Therefore, acts of digital crime are acts that allow opportunist avenues of proclivity and acts of association and a foundational base for criminality.
Although the Differential Association Theory supplies a supportive argument and base for understanding the escalation of digital crime it is still not overly inclusive to explain all manners of criminality. For example, the crime of drug dealing deals with associative interaction
Digital Crime Theories
Page 5
and a combined effort to distribute and as with all crimes a certain organization is needed and with the level of modernization and sophistication digital crimes is a supportive not an inhibitor to the act of dispensing of addictive substances with hidden messages throughout the internet.
In conclusion, Digital Crime Theories are based on theories that examine crime and the acts and nature of crime with the context of digital crime as its subject and base for explaining the why and if. Further, these theories are used as a preventative measure, inhibitor and support for the application of punishment to prevent.
REFERENCES
Taylor, R.W., Fritsch, E.J. & Liederbach, J. (2015), Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism.
(3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson, Inc.
Holland, D. (2015). Differential Association Theory. Research Starters: Sociology (Online Edition),
Harbeck, K. (2016). Rational Choice Theory. Deviance & Social Control: Rational Choice Theory – Research Starters Sociology, 1-7.
Flynn, S. I. (2015). Social Movement Theory: Structural Strain Theory. Research Starters: Sociology (Online Edition),
1
Digital Crime Theories
Strayer University
Felicia McCaw
Professor Sean Hord
CIS 170
Online Spring 2016
May 7, 2016
Digital Crime Theories
2
The study of criminology is a scientific procedure wherein the acts or nature of a crime and its extent, causes, control, consequences and preventative measures are done that involve both the individual and social levels in an interactive fashion to alleviate, control and dispel. Criminology involves a multitude of crimes that are committed on a daily basis ranging from white collar crimes to non-white collar crimes also known as “street crimes”.
Criminal behavior is learned behavior done by emulation or by association which includes the parallism of active participants in the initiation and culmination of the act. The acts of white crimes are inclusive of the intrusive invasion using computers and other internal information in businesses to complete acts of embezzlement, corporate espionage, money laundering, identity crimes and fraud. The crimes are offenses that would be included in the field of digital crimes of this nature and require a certain amount of knowledge and sophistication to pull off along with accomplices and are usually planned events synchronized carefully to prevent discovery.
As with all acts of crime the cause of digital crime is prevalent due to the ease, availability and expanded opportunities to invade and exploit a situation that is unable to control due to the overwhelming magnitude of the internet. Further criminals or offenders know that they have the advantage and unscrupulously take advantage for financial gain and acts of malice. Subsequently, the incentive and impetus involved is that the increase of computer users symbolizes a pigeon or an easy mark. Another motive for digital crime is the high tech ability to cause destruction speedily, effectively and as a facilitator to the overall criminal act. Not only is digital crime an enabler for criminal acts it is a tool for instigation of premeditated acts against individuals, companies and countries either for political or non-political reasons.
Digital Crime Theories
Page 3
Consequently, digital crime is like an accessory to information warfare and a tremendous financial enabler that helps facilitate additional criminal acts. As technology expands and evolves this allows the innovative usage of digital crime as a stabilizer in organized crime. Because digital crime is initiated and self-motivated the Rational Choice Theory is applicable in the labeling of this behavior because of cognitive choice. The ability of humans in decision making allows the assumption of acknowledgement that all are capable and motivated by self-interests, the act of weighing costs and the beneficial gain with the least amount of exertion to obtain the objective.
Theoretically, the difficulty of achieving the criminal objective is measured with the thought of preventatives to cause a modification in behavior. Modifying the behavior is an entitlement and advantage overall to the social structure with corrections. Founded in the Control Theory is the inexplicable assertion that the definitive nature of acts stems from self-interest or egoism.
An example of Rational Choice Theory going into effect would be the crime of Identity Theft. This crime allows the acknowledgment that the deed is wrong but gain overshadows the risk with the advantage of ease, lucrativeness and the lack of fear of getting apprehended. Therefore, supportive of this theory is this crime and the procedural steps taken to facilitate and complete the act.
Whereas Rational Choice Theory deals with the examination of digital crime theories and the manifestation and mechanics of self-interest and determent of action using the methodology of negative reinforcement. Strain Theory revolves around the level of economic distress and impoverishment that effectively modifies behavior and allows deviation in normal behavior.
Digital Crime Theories
Page 4
Structural weakness or vulnerability is unfortunately a factor of socio-economic distress which is a promoter of digital crimes and deviant behavior. Digital crime acts as a facilitator to allow monetary gains to live the life of success with a bypass of regulatory work and the ethic of work to be dismissed. Also, digital crime acts as an anomie where social regulation is a correlating element to the fragmentation of social order and a breakdown in legalistic norms further establishes a paradigm and posit for active deregulation.
The crime of Embezzlement would be a resultant of the Strain Theory due to the nature of these criminal acts being committed and as supportive of this theory these are acts of people from distressed socio-economies. Although, acknowledgment is there the need and desperation for money overshadows the risk and compels the offender to act and dismiss the fear of being caught.
As a collaborator of deeds and actions the Differential Association Theory is supportive of the fact, assertion and explanation of why people commit the act of digital crime. As a theory digital crime is a sociological phenomena that has spiraled upward with the increase of latitude and opportunity available. The theory reflects that influential associates are a major contributor to the acts of digital crime due to acts of emulation and modelization. Acting as a facilitator this level of crime is instigated through a none biological predisposition but is a resulting event from the social environment, surroundings, individuals and values sought and learned from those with adversion to following legalistic norms. Therefore, acts of digital crime are acts that allow opportunist avenues of proclivity and acts of association and a foundational base for criminality.
Although the Differential Association Theory supplies a supportive argument and base for understanding the escalation of digital crime it is still not overly inclusive to explain all manners of criminality. For example, the crime of drug dealing deals with associative interaction
Digital Crime Theories
Page 5
and a combined effort to distribute and as with all crimes a certain organization is needed and with the level of modernization and sophistication digital crimes is a supportive not an inhibitor to the act of dispensing of addictive substances with hidden messages throughout the internet.
In conclusion, Digital Crime Theories are based on theories that examine crime and the acts and nature of crime with the context of digital crime as its subject and base for explaining the why and if. Further, these theories are used as a preventative measure, inhibitor and support for the application of punishment to prevent.
REFERENCES
Taylor, R.W., Fritsch, E.J. & Liederbach, J. (2015), Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism.
(3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson, Inc.
Holland, D. (2015). Differential Association Theory. Research Starters: Sociology (Online Edition),
Harbeck, K. (2016). Rational Choice Theory. Deviance & Social Control: Rational Choice Theory – Research Starters Sociology, 1-7.
Flynn, S. I. (2015). Social Movement Theory: Structural Strain Theory. Research Starters: Sociology (Online Edition),
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