Lutheran Social Services of Michigan
Action Thrift Store
Saginaw, Michigan
By Felicia McCaw
Saginaw Valley State University
Introduction to Social Welfare and Social Work Social Work 215
Lutheran Social Services of Michigan
Action Thrift Store
Felicia McCaw
Page 1
The reason why I chose to do my volunteer service hours at this non-profit organization which is a part of Lutheran Social Services of Michigan is because it helps people all over the State of Michigan and I have been a patron of this establishment for over ten years. It is one of my favorite shopping spots where I find some of my best bargains. Further, I am an avid thrift store junkie who loves finding treasures in any place wherever I can. This little treasure spot is a big help to those who do not have a lot of money and are trying to stretch the little funds they have and when I went there to volunteer I was given a tour and was required to sign papers to be allowed to volunteer. I believe I started the next day and did six 0hours there sorting, organizing and putting clothing out to be displayed and unfortunately I missed a few days and my volunteer service agreement was cancelled due to a policy they have of not being allowed to continue if you miss three days.
Luther Social Services of Michigan is a great organization and I just want to relay some of the services that are provided and their mission and vision statement. The goal for this establishment is to serve people as an expression of the love of Christ and meet the needs of people and uphold human dignity and advocate equality and justice. There are many services provided, e.g., in-home services, skilled nursing for the elderly, retirement and assisted living programs, HUD-subsidized apartments and continuing care community facilities. In-Home services help people achieve or maintain personal independence to people of ages with physical limitations, developmental disabilities or mental illness who may need temporary or ongoing help in their place of residence. Refugee services are provided to people who have been forced to leave their country of residence because of war or political turmoil and help these people adjust to their new country by providing great services as to a place of residence, assisting in enrolling children in school and their integration into this community and state. Further, they provide training, job placement, translation services and preventive health services to incoming new citizens.
A wonderful social ministry is provided for members of the Lutheran Church as well as non-Lutherans and this church has been meeting people’s need since the early 1900s when a Lutheran “ a city
Underground Railroad
Felicia McCaw
Page 2
missionary” arrived in Detroit to provide services to the poor. From the very being beginning the church members have reached out to individuals regardless of their religion, race, ethnicity or national origin.
As I proceed further in being exposed to all of these non-profit organizations it gives me a feeling of gratitude that people are still reaching out to those in need and are providing charity, support in these difficult times and understanding their need for sympathy, empathy and support. These communities of service meet the needs of people in this community and help them retain their human dignity and ensure that equality and justice is provided.
Events of support programs and press releases are relayed on the website, how to make financial contributions, volunteer opportunities and Links for Help!
I learned a tremendous amount from the website and enjoyed my brief stint at the Action Thrift.
Bibliography
Lutheran Social Services of Michigan
http://www.lssm.org/LSSM
Thursday, August 28, 2014
SOCIAL WORK 215 - EXAM 3
EXAM 3
By Felicia McCaw
Saginaw Valley State University
Introduction to Social Welfare and Social Work Social Work 215
EXAM 3
Felicia McCaw
Page 1
1. Discussion and Summarization of “One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest”. A Milos Forman Film starring Jack Nicholson
This movie was based on a novel written by Ken Kesey and reflects interaction between fellow mental inmates or inhabitants located in an Oregon asylum and their daily interaction with each other. During the film a patient by the name of McMurphy was interviewed, questioned and admitted by staff to the Oregon asylum. He was suspected of pretending to be crazy to evade working. Each day reflected drama and confusion instigated by this person (McMurphy) to evade the rules and become the champion of everyone on the ward and take over the power play between himself and nurse and all the staff. Also, with cunning and ingenuity he and the other mental inhabitants escaped the asylum and stole a fishing boat and went fishing and came back later in the day with captured fish and was taken into custody and returned to the asylum.
McMurphy was able to establish a rapport with the other inhabitants and was the leader in causing all the disturbances as well as initiating them to play basketball and getting the Chief to open up and participate.
Unfortunately, McMurphy caused a disturbance and attacked one of the orderlies and was given electroshock therapy to curve his behavior. When he came back everyone was worried that he would not be the same but the shock treatment was not effective and he continued on in his pattern of being the leader and brought about continual disturbances. His last deed of bring women in the asylum and bribing the night orderly caused such irrevocable harm that Billy committed suicide after being caught with a woman and Nurse Ratched’s threat to tell his mother of what she saw and what he did. After, McMurphy saw that Billy had committed suicide he blamed Nurse Ratched and attempted to stranger her to death. After this attack McMurphy is lobotomized and left in a vegetative state, silent and motionless and the Chief overcome with emotion and grief smothered McMurphy during the night and escaped by throwing the shower room control panel through the window.
EXAM 3
Felicia McCaw
Page 2
2. Analysis of the Social Value utilized in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest.
The asylum of Oregon is utilizing the Social Value of Individualization which means that each patient is unique and worthwhile and worthy of being focused on individually and help move them in direction of the recovery mode. While in the process of doing so each professional firmly believes in maintain that each individual is entitled to their inherent dignity which needs to be respected. Everyday reflects that each individual’s behavioral patterns has to be monitored, studied and documented and treated in an unbiased professional fashion and realize their behavior will sometimes have to be corrected by either negative or positive reinforcements. Unfortunately, some actions are unpredictable and have to be studies to try to prevent horrible acts from reoccurring if possible and if not then these acts that caused these weird behavioral switching should be closely monitored and checked. Further, the Principle of Individualization is a valuable key role in ensuring various problems are addressed uniformly, goals, needs and cares are of upmost importance and the need for different patterns of relationships with clients or inhabitants are significant and require different types of methodology in approach to each person.
In this asylum clients’ right to determination is restricted and is based on interactions with a psychologist and instructions relayed to the nurses to fulfill and ensure everything is done according to the law correctly.
SOCIAL WORK 215 - EXAM 1
EXAM 1
By Felicia McCaw
Saginaw Valley State University
Introduction to Social Welfare and Social Work Social Work 215
EXAM 1
Felicia McCaw
Page 1
1. Discuss the difference between a Residual vs. an Institutional View of Social Welfare.
The Residual View of Social Welfare is a very conservative approach that reflects that society (people in society) or a person should be helped on a temporary basis. Further, they are viewed as a beggar (an unwarranted stigma) or lazy and perceived as someone who will never work and will come back over and over for help. Also, that they have not tried hard enough to succeed and are the cause of their own failures. Whereas the Institutionalized View of Social Welfare is a more empathetic approach that understands the reality of life that some people in society never experience the problems of others or the sorrows attached. Furthermore, because of the fluctuations in the economy some have lost their jobs which are their mainstay for the breadwinner and his family to live a decent life. Also, sickness, illness and death are some sad occasions that devastate a family and cause the normal nuclear family to grow and become an expanded nuclear family to survive. Because of this the Institutional View of Social Welfare is further evolving, expanding and developing services to counter these problems and address the situation where people need help to live and cope in today’s society.
2. Discuss two different roles a social worker might assume in their practice.
A. Enabler Role
One of the roles that I feel that a social worker may assume in their practice is as an Enabler. This role is probably one of the most important facets and that is getting the client (s) to let down their guard and articulate their needs, clarify and identify problems, explore resolution strategies or goals to resolve problems, select and apply a strategy to help clients get on the right road to a more healthy, beneficial and successful life.
B. Advocate Role
Another role that a social worker will assume is as an Advocate. As an Advocate this is a role when a social worker represents a client or citizens’ group to provide help and support either morally or personally and legally for fighting for the client’s rights and needs as a person. Further, lobbying for change for the bettering of a client or group is the right that all are guaranteed to empower a client, group or to help all populace.
3. Describe the Strengths Perspective.
The Strengths Perspective is a tool in the assessment of a client (s) in the determination process of assessing abilities and emphasizing on strengths and weaknesses, moral values and life values, resources available or capable of being obtained, lifelong accomplishment and goals for obtaining future accomplishment and the client (s) aspirations for the future and present.
EXAM 1
Felicia McCaw
Page 2
4. Discuss two different kinds of groups that a social worker might lead.
A. Educational Group
One of the groups that a social worker may lead is an Educational Group and the purpose of this group is to ensure that the members acquire knowledge and learn more complex skills to succeed in this economy and evolving technology field. By relaying information the leader is able to help ensure clients receive considerable training and expertise to become more competitive in the work field. The goal for the social worker is urged to motivate the client to be more assertive, learn to cope and manage stress and whatever else that is needed to help client.
B. Self-Help Groups
The next group a social worker might lead that I feel is of utmost importance is a Self-Help Group. These self-help groups are necessary to help inbreed the need for independence and therefore install pride, dignity and feeling of accomplishment that they can learn on their own and put them on the right path and be able to focus on what they need to get done and find ways to get there. Further, helping each other furthers the learning process and helps each other evolve.
5. Describe the difference between Social Insurance Programs and Public Assistance Programs and give one example of each.
The difference between the Social Insurance Program was devised to assist individuals and their families when a worker retires, is disabled, become disabled, or dies with monthly payments to the surviving family members. Whereas public assistance programs were formulated to assist those unable to find employment to support themselves and family, people who are not able to work with children with monthly allotments and food stamps and the relaying of food stamps to destitute people.
ANALYSIS OF THE CAPACITY FOR SELF-CONTROL AND INDIVIDUALS’ INTEREST IN EXERCISING SELF-CONTROL
Felicia McCaw
Criminology 410
Section 0466
THEORIST PAPER: ANALYSIS OF THE CAPACITY FOR SELF-CONTROL AND INDIVIDUALS’
INTEREST IN EXERCISING SELF-CONTROL
AUTHORS OF THEORY: CHARLES R. TITTLE, DAVID A. WARD, HAROLD G. GRASMICK
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this theoretical paper is to discuss the capacity for self-control and an individual’s interest in exercising self-control. The General Theory of Control is utilized to discuss the interaction of high self-control and low self-control. The studies done are reflecting the compiling of data and analysis of control variables and introduction of flexible (independent) variables to ascertain the differentiating control adjustments as well as maintainable levels to measure testable levels of crime in relation to high self-control and low self-control. Further the possibility of testing the capacity for self-control and whether control levels can be increased from a low self-control to a high level of self-control and continuance of positivity that this level of expectation is achievable or attainable. Also, the levels of low self-control will be measured for reconstructivity as well as increase and the parallelism of low self-control with low self-esteem and the association of this lack of self-control to increased levels of criminality. Furthermore, the measure of high self-control is parallel to individuals with high self-esteem which is equivalent to low or no acts of criminality because of an inhibitor introduced early in life which prevents and helps deter criminality by reception and acknowledging that punishment follow acts of criminality.
THEORISTS
Charles R. Tittle, David A. Ward, Harold G. Grasmick
See Appendix A (expanded details)
Felicia McCaw
Criminology 410
Section 0466
Page 2
THEORY (THEORIES)
General Theory of Control
Self-Control Theory
General Theory of Crime
Source for all Three
(Understanding Crime – Thomas Winfree, Jr., Bernard Abadinsky)
The Self-Control Theory, General Theory of Control and the General Theory of Crime deals with the study of control levels and effective measures toward resisting criminality and the effects of High and Low Self-Control on individuals and ability to control self.
APPLYING AND TESTING THEORY
The article reflects and ponders on Gottfredson and Hirchi’s (1990) General Theory that people with Low Self-Control are unable to predict the consequences of their actions and do not care whereas High Self-Control individuals think before acting. Due to the plentitude of criminal acts individuals with Low Self-Control will inevitably indulge in criminality due to low self-esteem and acts. But, a contradiction exists because there are theorists that propose Low Self-Control people do not necessarily become criminal or participate in acts of misconduct. I disagree with this because I view or consider Low Self-Control to parallel with Low Self-Esteem and these individuals are easily led into criminality. Further well adjusted people with High Self-Control have a tendency to be more successful and productive in society and are less prone to deviance. Consequently, methods and studies are done to compile data to analyze by survey method which would include the measures of independent variables, dependent variables and control variables in the testing of self-control levels. Studies are done to measure self-control desire to monitor urges, impulses, or desire to commit some act (that is the act can have strong appeal because of its potential gratifying capability or possible criminal nature.).
Felicia McCaw
Criminology 410
Section 0466
Page 3
OVERVIEW
An analysis is done to study Self-Control Ability, Self-Control Desire, six control variables and a multiplicative interaction term for ability and desire for the purpose of determining if Self-Control Desire could predict crime/deviance as well as Self-Control Ability. The most significant find is that Self-Control is a relevant factor in inhibiting deviance.
THEORY, DESIGN AND METHOD OF STUDY
The Self-Control Theory is relevant because it takes the situation and displays it to study it in fragments and becomes a compiled report reflecting support of the theory; that Low Self-Control individuals have a propensity towards criminality and High Self-Control individuals does not. The study utilized a sample collection from the 16th (1994) Annual Oklahoma City survey of which adults (18 and older) were drawn from R.L. Polk Directory of households within the city by letter and later attempts were made to schedule appointments that were made in person by trained interviewers. Three Hundred Fifty face to face interviews were made and data was compiled from 40% of the initial targeted individuals who provided a completed interview and the rest of sample being random substitutions. After the study was done the interaction basis of compiled information was used to subsequent test the attained evidence of Low and High Self-Control patterns and the marginal analysis between the two.
RESULTS
The results of the study reflected that people with a Low Self-Control behavioral pattern have a tendency toward criminality and susceptibility and weakness to commit acts of a criminal nature and inability to exercise control. The hypothesis is supported by evidential reported findings that relayed concrete proof and stabilization of the analysis of the two variables to confirm theory.
Felicia McCaw
Criminology 410
Section 0466
Page 4
IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
The importance of the study reflects that an inhibitory control factor assists in High Self-Control because it is instilled earlier in life. Reflective of High Self-Control is the inner trigger (inhibitory control factor) that unconsciously prevents a decline into Low Self-Control. Also, that studies done in the past provide research that self-control levels reflect a good estimation of possible criminal behavior and the lower the self-control the higher the individual’s propensity toward criminality. Further, the more self-control the greater the ability to self-regulate increases and allows the excercising (inhibitory control factor) and restricts deviant impulses.
CONTRIBUTION
These theorists have given great insight into the connective pattern of Self-Control whether low or high in relation to crime or criminality and the possible way to prevent and halt some actions that are discovered and need to be changed. Further, the theorists relays that levels of Self-Control can be adjusted up to live in society more easily and accept the norms of the land or can be adjusted down that is detrimental to the individual as well as to society.
APPENDIX A
THEORISTS
Theory
Capacity for Self-Control and Individuals’ Interest in Exercising Self-Control by Charles R. Tittle, David A. Ward, Harold G. Grasmick (Theory developed by Tittle, Ward, Grasmick)
Cites: (Wilson, Margo & Daly, Martin: 2006); Wilson & Daly 2006; Medicott 2006; Cochran & Alesksa & Chamlin 2006; Unnever & Cullen 2006; Jones 2009; Brezina & Tekin & Tppalli 2008
CHARLES R. TITTLE
Current Position: Professor Dept of Sociology
North Carolina State University
Speciality: Criminology
Source: www.zoominfo.com
Published 9 articles from 1977 to 2004 with 6 co-authors
Capacity for Self-Control and individuals’ interesting exercising Self-Control - This theory explores an individuals’ control levels – low vs high; Low Self-Control – criminal activity and High Self-Control no criminal activity or less temptation.
Gender, Age and Crime/Deviance: A challenge to Self-Control Theory – This theory explores the gender, age and relates it to the level of effects of possible Crime/Deviance and its challenge to Self-Control and if Self-Control can exerted to halt deviance. Published in 2003.
Social Deviance and Crime: An Organizational and Theoretical Approach - Working from a unique approach, this book unites two topics that are usually separated: the study of social deviance and the study of criminal behavior. Published in 2000.
Control – Balance: Toward a General Theory of Deviance – This book contains central ideas of the most popular simple theories of deviance identify variables or processes that are probably important in the production of deviant behavior. Theories of deviance should provide satisfactory explanations for all forms of the phenomena within the various domains addressed by the field. Published in 1993.
Testing the core implications of Gottfredson & Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime – In a General Theory of Crime, Gottfredson and Hirschi propose that low self-control, in interaction with criminal opportunity, is the major cause of crime. The research reported in this article attempts to test this argument while closely following the nominal definitions presented by Gottfredson and Hirschi. A factor analysis of items desined to measure low self-control is consistent with their contention that the trait is unidimensional. Published in 1993.
Felicia McCaw
APPENDIX A
Page 2
Sanction Fear and the Maintenance of Social Order - In this study data is gathered in a sample survey of the population aged 15 and over in New Jersey, Iowa, and Oregon to gain the support that at least some kind of sanctin fear are major contributors to conformity. Fear of interpersonal lack of respect was found to be the second best predictor of the eight considered.
Los Desarrollos Teoricos De La Criminologia – (The Development of Theoretical Criminology) – This study is based on theories which involve facets of Criminology and approaches toward solving crimes.
A Cross-National Test of Bonger’s Theory of Criminality – This theory or study uses analysis to support the hypothesis that the degree of capitalism significantly to predict homicide rates, but the fail to confirm that de-moralization of the population (loss of moral feelings for others) mediates the relationship between capitalism and homicide.
A General Theory of Crime: A Book Review - A general theory of crime and the age-graded life-course theory are considered disparate explanatory models of the development of criminal behavior.
Harold G. Grasmick Current Position: Professor Sociology
Tulane University
Speciality: Sociology
Source: www.zoominfo.com
Published 8 articles from 1980 to 2004 with 11 co-authors
Capacity for Self-Control and individuals’ interesting exercising Self-Control - This theory explores an individuals’ control levels – low vs high; Low Self-Control – criminal activity and High Self-Control no criminal activity or less temptation.
Gender, Age and Crime/Deviance: A challenge to Self-Control Theory – This theory explores the gender, age and relates it to the level of effects of possible Crime/Deviance and its challenge to Self-Control and if Self-Control can exerted to halt deviance. Published in 2003.
Evaluating the Dimensionality and Invariance of “Low Self-Control” – This theory explores Low Self-Control on a six dimensional level and its possible resistance to change despite changing variables.
Risk Preferences and Patriarchy: Extending Power – Control Theory - The theory is an initial attempt to explore power-control theory as a potential tool for understanding the distribution of risk preferences, and eventually of risk-related behaviors, among adults. Further this theory has linked historically shaped patriarchal family structures to gender linked individual preferences for risk taking which, in turn, produce gender differences in adolescent delinquency.
Felicia McCaw
APPENDIX A
Page 3
Religion, Punitive Justice and support for the death penalty – The present study argues that evangelical/fundamentalist Protestants are more inclined to attribute crime to offenders’ dispositional characteristics than to situational factors. Consequently they are expected to be more punitive than members of other groups.
Testing the core implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime – The Study or theory further test the results from G. & H. General Theory of Crime for further evaluation of evidential proof of data compiled.
A comparison of the perceived threats of managerial sanctions, embarrassment and shame in Japan and the United States – This study is compiled of a developed rationale for predicting that Japanese employees, compared to American employees, perceived greater threats of managerial sanctions, embarrassment and shame for noncompliant behavior. In this report here parallel measures are created of the perceived threats of each punishment for three forms
Of productive deviance (taking a long lunch or break, coming to work late or leaving early, and using sick leave). The cultural differences in perceived levels of these threats for the rule violations are then examined in merged samples of employees in Japanese and U.S. university hospitals.
Legal punishment, Social Disapproval and Internalization as inhibitors of illegal behavior - This study reflects the effect of legal punishment, social disapproval and internalization as an inhibitor (or restrictive) to prevent illegal behavior.
David A. Ward Current Position: Senior Lecturer, Professional Communication
Speciality: Education
Source: www.linkedin.com/pub
Published 4 articles from 1964 to 2004 with 3 co-authors
Capacity for Self-Control and individuals’ interesting exercising Self-Control - This theory explores an individuals’ control levels – low vs high; Low Self-Control – criminal activity and High Self-Control no criminal activity or less temptation.
Gender, Age and Crime/Deviance: A challenge to Self-Control Theory – This theory explores the gender, age and relates it to the level of effects of possible Crime/Deviance and its challenge to Self-Control and if Self-Control can exerted to halt deviance. Published in 2003.
Women’s Prison: Sex and Social Structure - The social and sexual behavior of female inmates, especially the nature and incidence of homosexuality, were examined using data from inmates records, interviews, and a questionnaire survey of inmates of the California Institution for women.
Felicia McCaw
APPENDIX A
Page 4
Homosexuality: A mode of Adaption in a Prison for Women – This is a abstract regarding the adaption of women in prison who may opt for homosexual role in prison but there is little data compiled on the subject.
REFERENCES
Understanding Crime
Essentials of Criminological Theory
By L. Thomas Winfree & Howard Abadinsky
Working Memory Capacity and Self-Regulation
By Malgorzata Ilkowska & Randall W. Engle
Dissociable Brain Mechanism Underlying the Conscious and Unconscious Control of Behavior
By Simon Van Gaal, Victor A. F. Lamme, Johannes J. Fahrenfort, K. Richard Ridderinkkhof. Journal of Congnitive Neuroscience. Cambridge: Jan 2011. Vol. 23, ISS 1, P. 91
High Self-Control Predicts Good adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades and Interpersonal Success
By June P. Tangney, George Mason University, Roy F, Baumeister, Case Western Reserve University, Angie Luzio Boone, George Mason University, Journal of Personality 72:2, April 2004. Blackwell Publishing
Self-Control Precis (Sara Wakefield) Gottfredson, Michael R. and Travis Hirschi.1990. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Chapters 2, 5, and 6.
Self-Restraint: A Study on the Capacity and Desire for Self-Control By John K. Cochran, University of South Florida; Valentina Aleksa, University of South Florida; Mitchell B. Chamlin, University of Cincinnati; Western Criminology Review 7 (3), 27 – 40 (2006).
A Test of Self-Control Theory Using General Patterns of Deviance, By John McMullen;
Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology.
Criminology 410
Section 0466
THEORIST PAPER: ANALYSIS OF THE CAPACITY FOR SELF-CONTROL AND INDIVIDUALS’
INTEREST IN EXERCISING SELF-CONTROL
AUTHORS OF THEORY: CHARLES R. TITTLE, DAVID A. WARD, HAROLD G. GRASMICK
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this theoretical paper is to discuss the capacity for self-control and an individual’s interest in exercising self-control. The General Theory of Control is utilized to discuss the interaction of high self-control and low self-control. The studies done are reflecting the compiling of data and analysis of control variables and introduction of flexible (independent) variables to ascertain the differentiating control adjustments as well as maintainable levels to measure testable levels of crime in relation to high self-control and low self-control. Further the possibility of testing the capacity for self-control and whether control levels can be increased from a low self-control to a high level of self-control and continuance of positivity that this level of expectation is achievable or attainable. Also, the levels of low self-control will be measured for reconstructivity as well as increase and the parallelism of low self-control with low self-esteem and the association of this lack of self-control to increased levels of criminality. Furthermore, the measure of high self-control is parallel to individuals with high self-esteem which is equivalent to low or no acts of criminality because of an inhibitor introduced early in life which prevents and helps deter criminality by reception and acknowledging that punishment follow acts of criminality.
THEORISTS
Charles R. Tittle, David A. Ward, Harold G. Grasmick
See Appendix A (expanded details)
Felicia McCaw
Criminology 410
Section 0466
Page 2
THEORY (THEORIES)
General Theory of Control
Self-Control Theory
General Theory of Crime
Source for all Three
(Understanding Crime – Thomas Winfree, Jr., Bernard Abadinsky)
The Self-Control Theory, General Theory of Control and the General Theory of Crime deals with the study of control levels and effective measures toward resisting criminality and the effects of High and Low Self-Control on individuals and ability to control self.
APPLYING AND TESTING THEORY
The article reflects and ponders on Gottfredson and Hirchi’s (1990) General Theory that people with Low Self-Control are unable to predict the consequences of their actions and do not care whereas High Self-Control individuals think before acting. Due to the plentitude of criminal acts individuals with Low Self-Control will inevitably indulge in criminality due to low self-esteem and acts. But, a contradiction exists because there are theorists that propose Low Self-Control people do not necessarily become criminal or participate in acts of misconduct. I disagree with this because I view or consider Low Self-Control to parallel with Low Self-Esteem and these individuals are easily led into criminality. Further well adjusted people with High Self-Control have a tendency to be more successful and productive in society and are less prone to deviance. Consequently, methods and studies are done to compile data to analyze by survey method which would include the measures of independent variables, dependent variables and control variables in the testing of self-control levels. Studies are done to measure self-control desire to monitor urges, impulses, or desire to commit some act (that is the act can have strong appeal because of its potential gratifying capability or possible criminal nature.).
Felicia McCaw
Criminology 410
Section 0466
Page 3
OVERVIEW
An analysis is done to study Self-Control Ability, Self-Control Desire, six control variables and a multiplicative interaction term for ability and desire for the purpose of determining if Self-Control Desire could predict crime/deviance as well as Self-Control Ability. The most significant find is that Self-Control is a relevant factor in inhibiting deviance.
THEORY, DESIGN AND METHOD OF STUDY
The Self-Control Theory is relevant because it takes the situation and displays it to study it in fragments and becomes a compiled report reflecting support of the theory; that Low Self-Control individuals have a propensity towards criminality and High Self-Control individuals does not. The study utilized a sample collection from the 16th (1994) Annual Oklahoma City survey of which adults (18 and older) were drawn from R.L. Polk Directory of households within the city by letter and later attempts were made to schedule appointments that were made in person by trained interviewers. Three Hundred Fifty face to face interviews were made and data was compiled from 40% of the initial targeted individuals who provided a completed interview and the rest of sample being random substitutions. After the study was done the interaction basis of compiled information was used to subsequent test the attained evidence of Low and High Self-Control patterns and the marginal analysis between the two.
RESULTS
The results of the study reflected that people with a Low Self-Control behavioral pattern have a tendency toward criminality and susceptibility and weakness to commit acts of a criminal nature and inability to exercise control. The hypothesis is supported by evidential reported findings that relayed concrete proof and stabilization of the analysis of the two variables to confirm theory.
Felicia McCaw
Criminology 410
Section 0466
Page 4
IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
The importance of the study reflects that an inhibitory control factor assists in High Self-Control because it is instilled earlier in life. Reflective of High Self-Control is the inner trigger (inhibitory control factor) that unconsciously prevents a decline into Low Self-Control. Also, that studies done in the past provide research that self-control levels reflect a good estimation of possible criminal behavior and the lower the self-control the higher the individual’s propensity toward criminality. Further, the more self-control the greater the ability to self-regulate increases and allows the excercising (inhibitory control factor) and restricts deviant impulses.
CONTRIBUTION
These theorists have given great insight into the connective pattern of Self-Control whether low or high in relation to crime or criminality and the possible way to prevent and halt some actions that are discovered and need to be changed. Further, the theorists relays that levels of Self-Control can be adjusted up to live in society more easily and accept the norms of the land or can be adjusted down that is detrimental to the individual as well as to society.
APPENDIX A
THEORISTS
Theory
Capacity for Self-Control and Individuals’ Interest in Exercising Self-Control by Charles R. Tittle, David A. Ward, Harold G. Grasmick (Theory developed by Tittle, Ward, Grasmick)
Cites: (Wilson, Margo & Daly, Martin: 2006); Wilson & Daly 2006; Medicott 2006; Cochran & Alesksa & Chamlin 2006; Unnever & Cullen 2006; Jones 2009; Brezina & Tekin & Tppalli 2008
CHARLES R. TITTLE
Current Position: Professor Dept of Sociology
North Carolina State University
Speciality: Criminology
Source: www.zoominfo.com
Published 9 articles from 1977 to 2004 with 6 co-authors
Capacity for Self-Control and individuals’ interesting exercising Self-Control - This theory explores an individuals’ control levels – low vs high; Low Self-Control – criminal activity and High Self-Control no criminal activity or less temptation.
Gender, Age and Crime/Deviance: A challenge to Self-Control Theory – This theory explores the gender, age and relates it to the level of effects of possible Crime/Deviance and its challenge to Self-Control and if Self-Control can exerted to halt deviance. Published in 2003.
Social Deviance and Crime: An Organizational and Theoretical Approach - Working from a unique approach, this book unites two topics that are usually separated: the study of social deviance and the study of criminal behavior. Published in 2000.
Control – Balance: Toward a General Theory of Deviance – This book contains central ideas of the most popular simple theories of deviance identify variables or processes that are probably important in the production of deviant behavior. Theories of deviance should provide satisfactory explanations for all forms of the phenomena within the various domains addressed by the field. Published in 1993.
Testing the core implications of Gottfredson & Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime – In a General Theory of Crime, Gottfredson and Hirschi propose that low self-control, in interaction with criminal opportunity, is the major cause of crime. The research reported in this article attempts to test this argument while closely following the nominal definitions presented by Gottfredson and Hirschi. A factor analysis of items desined to measure low self-control is consistent with their contention that the trait is unidimensional. Published in 1993.
Felicia McCaw
APPENDIX A
Page 2
Sanction Fear and the Maintenance of Social Order - In this study data is gathered in a sample survey of the population aged 15 and over in New Jersey, Iowa, and Oregon to gain the support that at least some kind of sanctin fear are major contributors to conformity. Fear of interpersonal lack of respect was found to be the second best predictor of the eight considered.
Los Desarrollos Teoricos De La Criminologia – (The Development of Theoretical Criminology) – This study is based on theories which involve facets of Criminology and approaches toward solving crimes.
A Cross-National Test of Bonger’s Theory of Criminality – This theory or study uses analysis to support the hypothesis that the degree of capitalism significantly to predict homicide rates, but the fail to confirm that de-moralization of the population (loss of moral feelings for others) mediates the relationship between capitalism and homicide.
A General Theory of Crime: A Book Review - A general theory of crime and the age-graded life-course theory are considered disparate explanatory models of the development of criminal behavior.
Harold G. Grasmick Current Position: Professor Sociology
Tulane University
Speciality: Sociology
Source: www.zoominfo.com
Published 8 articles from 1980 to 2004 with 11 co-authors
Capacity for Self-Control and individuals’ interesting exercising Self-Control - This theory explores an individuals’ control levels – low vs high; Low Self-Control – criminal activity and High Self-Control no criminal activity or less temptation.
Gender, Age and Crime/Deviance: A challenge to Self-Control Theory – This theory explores the gender, age and relates it to the level of effects of possible Crime/Deviance and its challenge to Self-Control and if Self-Control can exerted to halt deviance. Published in 2003.
Evaluating the Dimensionality and Invariance of “Low Self-Control” – This theory explores Low Self-Control on a six dimensional level and its possible resistance to change despite changing variables.
Risk Preferences and Patriarchy: Extending Power – Control Theory - The theory is an initial attempt to explore power-control theory as a potential tool for understanding the distribution of risk preferences, and eventually of risk-related behaviors, among adults. Further this theory has linked historically shaped patriarchal family structures to gender linked individual preferences for risk taking which, in turn, produce gender differences in adolescent delinquency.
Felicia McCaw
APPENDIX A
Page 3
Religion, Punitive Justice and support for the death penalty – The present study argues that evangelical/fundamentalist Protestants are more inclined to attribute crime to offenders’ dispositional characteristics than to situational factors. Consequently they are expected to be more punitive than members of other groups.
Testing the core implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime – The Study or theory further test the results from G. & H. General Theory of Crime for further evaluation of evidential proof of data compiled.
A comparison of the perceived threats of managerial sanctions, embarrassment and shame in Japan and the United States – This study is compiled of a developed rationale for predicting that Japanese employees, compared to American employees, perceived greater threats of managerial sanctions, embarrassment and shame for noncompliant behavior. In this report here parallel measures are created of the perceived threats of each punishment for three forms
Of productive deviance (taking a long lunch or break, coming to work late or leaving early, and using sick leave). The cultural differences in perceived levels of these threats for the rule violations are then examined in merged samples of employees in Japanese and U.S. university hospitals.
Legal punishment, Social Disapproval and Internalization as inhibitors of illegal behavior - This study reflects the effect of legal punishment, social disapproval and internalization as an inhibitor (or restrictive) to prevent illegal behavior.
David A. Ward Current Position: Senior Lecturer, Professional Communication
Speciality: Education
Source: www.linkedin.com/pub
Published 4 articles from 1964 to 2004 with 3 co-authors
Capacity for Self-Control and individuals’ interesting exercising Self-Control - This theory explores an individuals’ control levels – low vs high; Low Self-Control – criminal activity and High Self-Control no criminal activity or less temptation.
Gender, Age and Crime/Deviance: A challenge to Self-Control Theory – This theory explores the gender, age and relates it to the level of effects of possible Crime/Deviance and its challenge to Self-Control and if Self-Control can exerted to halt deviance. Published in 2003.
Women’s Prison: Sex and Social Structure - The social and sexual behavior of female inmates, especially the nature and incidence of homosexuality, were examined using data from inmates records, interviews, and a questionnaire survey of inmates of the California Institution for women.
Felicia McCaw
APPENDIX A
Page 4
Homosexuality: A mode of Adaption in a Prison for Women – This is a abstract regarding the adaption of women in prison who may opt for homosexual role in prison but there is little data compiled on the subject.
REFERENCES
Understanding Crime
Essentials of Criminological Theory
By L. Thomas Winfree & Howard Abadinsky
Working Memory Capacity and Self-Regulation
By Malgorzata Ilkowska & Randall W. Engle
Dissociable Brain Mechanism Underlying the Conscious and Unconscious Control of Behavior
By Simon Van Gaal, Victor A. F. Lamme, Johannes J. Fahrenfort, K. Richard Ridderinkkhof. Journal of Congnitive Neuroscience. Cambridge: Jan 2011. Vol. 23, ISS 1, P. 91
High Self-Control Predicts Good adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades and Interpersonal Success
By June P. Tangney, George Mason University, Roy F, Baumeister, Case Western Reserve University, Angie Luzio Boone, George Mason University, Journal of Personality 72:2, April 2004. Blackwell Publishing
Self-Control Precis (Sara Wakefield) Gottfredson, Michael R. and Travis Hirschi.1990. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Chapters 2, 5, and 6.
Self-Restraint: A Study on the Capacity and Desire for Self-Control By John K. Cochran, University of South Florida; Valentina Aleksa, University of South Florida; Mitchell B. Chamlin, University of Cincinnati; Western Criminology Review 7 (3), 27 – 40 (2006).
A Test of Self-Control Theory Using General Patterns of Deviance, By John McMullen;
Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology.
OUTLINE FOR EVALUATION OF ESSAY OR STUDY...Criminology 410
Felicia McCaw
Criminology 410
Section 0466
OUTLINE FOR EVALUATION OF ESSAY OR STUDY
BY Charles R. Tittle, David A. Ward, Harold G. Grasmick
Section 1 – Flexibility of Self-Control from Low to High Self-Control
Capacity for Self-Control and Individuals’ Interest in Exercising Self-Control by Charles, R. Tittle, David A. Ward, Harold G. Grasmick
The general question is to test the capacity for self-control and individual’s interest in exercising:
A. Capacity for Self-Control
B. High Self-Control Attainable
C. Low Self-Control restructible or Increasable?
D. Does Low Self-Control increase the tendency of criminality to increase or High Self-Control prevent criminal acts.
Section 2 – Theory in itself
I. Criminal Behavior is an outgrowth of Low Self-Control
II. High Self-Control prevents criminal behavior because of an inhibitor introduced early in life.
(Because of an inhibitor introduced in life this subsequently prevents and helps deters criminality by acknowledging that punishment would swiftly follow a criminal act.)
III. Discussion of the interaction of High Self-Control and Low Self-Control utilizing the General Theory of Control throughout the outline to reflect the studies done to support both by compiling of data and analysis of control variables and introduction of flexible (independent) variables. Also, additional capacity for self-control is measured as well as low and high self-control adjustments as well as maintainable levels. Further is the exploration of whether low self-control testable levels increase the rates of crime or if high self-control prevents criminal
Felicia McCaw
Criminology 410
Section 0466
Section 3 – Theory Testing and Measuring of Independent Variables, Dependent Variable, Control Variables
A. Measures of Independent Variables
B. Measures of Dependent Variables
C. Measures of Control Variables
D. Self-Control desire would predict crime/deviance as well as Self-Control Ability.
E. Hypotheses is being utilized to measure effect of Independent, Dependent and Control variables on self-control desire which would predict the level of crime/deviance as well as the self-control ability. The subjects are considered in study are adults that have a differing categories of non-criminal and criminal background (simple random sample of adults (18 and older) 350 face to face interview).
F. Predictor Variable – Measures of Self-Control levels in study.
G. Outcome Variables – Compiled data reflecting a percentage outcome of differing levels of Low Self-Control and High Self-Control.
H. The relationship between the variable in the hypothesis is the reflection of the correlational pattern between the levels of the Low Self-Control and High Self-Control amongst the test individuals. The hypothesis is tested by collection of data collected in a 16th annual Oklahoma City Survey which consist of a simple random sample of adults 18 and older from the R. L. Polk Directory of households in the city. The study utilized was a survey research of face to face interviews reflecting interaction of information regarding criminal behavior and the subsequent test of attaining evidence of Low and High Self-Control patterns and the marginal analysis between the two.
Felicia McCaw
Criminology 410
Section 0466
Page 3
Section 4 – Theory reflect the following conclusive evidence that Low Self-control leads to Criminality and High Self-Control has a inhibitor built in to prevent criminal acts or being able to be lulled to commit criminal acts.
The study reflected that people with a Low Self-Control behavioral pattern have a tendency toward criminality and susceptibility and weakness to commit acts of a criminal nature and inability to exercise control. The hypotheses is supported by evidential reported findings that relayed concrete proof and stabilization of the analysis of the two variables to confirm theory.
Criminology 410
Section 0466
OUTLINE FOR EVALUATION OF ESSAY OR STUDY
BY Charles R. Tittle, David A. Ward, Harold G. Grasmick
Section 1 – Flexibility of Self-Control from Low to High Self-Control
Capacity for Self-Control and Individuals’ Interest in Exercising Self-Control by Charles, R. Tittle, David A. Ward, Harold G. Grasmick
The general question is to test the capacity for self-control and individual’s interest in exercising:
A. Capacity for Self-Control
B. High Self-Control Attainable
C. Low Self-Control restructible or Increasable?
D. Does Low Self-Control increase the tendency of criminality to increase or High Self-Control prevent criminal acts.
Section 2 – Theory in itself
I. Criminal Behavior is an outgrowth of Low Self-Control
II. High Self-Control prevents criminal behavior because of an inhibitor introduced early in life.
(Because of an inhibitor introduced in life this subsequently prevents and helps deters criminality by acknowledging that punishment would swiftly follow a criminal act.)
III. Discussion of the interaction of High Self-Control and Low Self-Control utilizing the General Theory of Control throughout the outline to reflect the studies done to support both by compiling of data and analysis of control variables and introduction of flexible (independent) variables. Also, additional capacity for self-control is measured as well as low and high self-control adjustments as well as maintainable levels. Further is the exploration of whether low self-control testable levels increase the rates of crime or if high self-control prevents criminal
Felicia McCaw
Criminology 410
Section 0466
Section 3 – Theory Testing and Measuring of Independent Variables, Dependent Variable, Control Variables
A. Measures of Independent Variables
B. Measures of Dependent Variables
C. Measures of Control Variables
D. Self-Control desire would predict crime/deviance as well as Self-Control Ability.
E. Hypotheses is being utilized to measure effect of Independent, Dependent and Control variables on self-control desire which would predict the level of crime/deviance as well as the self-control ability. The subjects are considered in study are adults that have a differing categories of non-criminal and criminal background (simple random sample of adults (18 and older) 350 face to face interview).
F. Predictor Variable – Measures of Self-Control levels in study.
G. Outcome Variables – Compiled data reflecting a percentage outcome of differing levels of Low Self-Control and High Self-Control.
H. The relationship between the variable in the hypothesis is the reflection of the correlational pattern between the levels of the Low Self-Control and High Self-Control amongst the test individuals. The hypothesis is tested by collection of data collected in a 16th annual Oklahoma City Survey which consist of a simple random sample of adults 18 and older from the R. L. Polk Directory of households in the city. The study utilized was a survey research of face to face interviews reflecting interaction of information regarding criminal behavior and the subsequent test of attaining evidence of Low and High Self-Control patterns and the marginal analysis between the two.
Felicia McCaw
Criminology 410
Section 0466
Page 3
Section 4 – Theory reflect the following conclusive evidence that Low Self-control leads to Criminality and High Self-Control has a inhibitor built in to prevent criminal acts or being able to be lulled to commit criminal acts.
The study reflected that people with a Low Self-Control behavioral pattern have a tendency toward criminality and susceptibility and weakness to commit acts of a criminal nature and inability to exercise control. The hypotheses is supported by evidential reported findings that relayed concrete proof and stabilization of the analysis of the two variables to confirm theory.
SOCIAL WORK 300..303 APPLICATION FINAL EXAM
Ms. Felicia McCaw
YS-300/SW-303
Application Final Exam
April 27, 2011
1. Describe what outcomes would have been likely for Linda and the family had this occurred in the early 1800’s before an organized child welfare system existed.
In the scenario of the situation that occurred between the Smith’s family relating to domestic violence and the subsequent injury to Linda – age 10 years old of a severe bruising on her back. The outcome for Linda and family had this occurred in the 1800’s before an organized Child Welfare System had been created would have resulted in nothing being done and an ignoring of the domestic violence due to a wife being considered chattel she and the children could be treated vilely as possible with no interference from the law or assistance to protect them. Unfortunately, this situation occurred regularly with no organization to help or intercede
2. Explain what you and the child welfare system would do in this scenario?
In this scenario with the past history of domestic violence aimed at Sara (mom) and Linda Smith (daughter) the case would have to be re-opened and perused. The first option is to determine the seriousness of the injury to Linda and whether or not a court hearing or the removal of the child is necessary.
If the injury of the child is found to be detrimental to her physical and mental health a referral to the civil juvenile court is needed when abuse is found and substantiated by a family member.
Because Carl Smith has had two prior conviction for domestic assault and has injured Linda (daughter) in the past a motion to the Judge by the foster care worker to remove Linda (emergency eviction) from a precariously dangerous environment that might result in her death and place her in a temporary residency until she can be safely secured in a foster home.
After the study of extensive evidence supporting this measure and concurrence of the Judge’s support the child is removed from the home and the next step is to request that the parental rights be removed. Once the parental rights are removed the child is to be placed in a foster care and subsequently placed in foster home or possibly with relatives and safety net established and placed into effect.
YS-300/SW-303
Application Final Exam
April 27, 2011
1. Describe what outcomes would have been likely for Linda and the family had this occurred in the early 1800’s before an organized child welfare system existed.
In the scenario of the situation that occurred between the Smith’s family relating to domestic violence and the subsequent injury to Linda – age 10 years old of a severe bruising on her back. The outcome for Linda and family had this occurred in the 1800’s before an organized Child Welfare System had been created would have resulted in nothing being done and an ignoring of the domestic violence due to a wife being considered chattel she and the children could be treated vilely as possible with no interference from the law or assistance to protect them. Unfortunately, this situation occurred regularly with no organization to help or intercede
2. Explain what you and the child welfare system would do in this scenario?
In this scenario with the past history of domestic violence aimed at Sara (mom) and Linda Smith (daughter) the case would have to be re-opened and perused. The first option is to determine the seriousness of the injury to Linda and whether or not a court hearing or the removal of the child is necessary.
If the injury of the child is found to be detrimental to her physical and mental health a referral to the civil juvenile court is needed when abuse is found and substantiated by a family member.
Because Carl Smith has had two prior conviction for domestic assault and has injured Linda (daughter) in the past a motion to the Judge by the foster care worker to remove Linda (emergency eviction) from a precariously dangerous environment that might result in her death and place her in a temporary residency until she can be safely secured in a foster home.
After the study of extensive evidence supporting this measure and concurrence of the Judge’s support the child is removed from the home and the next step is to request that the parental rights be removed. Once the parental rights are removed the child is to be placed in a foster care and subsequently placed in foster home or possibly with relatives and safety net established and placed into effect.
notes - PSYCHOLOGY 370 - Felicia McCaw
Psychology Notes for
Exam 1
Ms. Felicia McCaw
Psychology 370
Short Answer
1. The definition of theory is defined as a set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypothesis.
Five parts
A. A theory is a set of assumptions.
B. A theory is a set of related assumptions.
C. The components of a theory are proven facts in the sense that their validity have been absolutely established.
D. Logical deductive reasoning is used by the researcher to formulate hypothesis.
E. Testable is the final definition and a hypothesis must be able to be tested in some way or otherwise it is worthless.
2. According to the textbook the two things that make a theory of personality useful are – a theory generates a number of hypotheses that can be investigated through a research thus yielding research data and secondly a use theory organizes research data into meaningful structure and provides an explanation for the result of scientific research.
3. The difference between taxonomy and a theory is – taxonomy is a classification of things according to their natural relationships and is essential to the development of a science because without classification of data science could not grow whereas a theory is comprised of a set of related assumptions that scientist use logical deductions to formulate testable hypothesis.
4. A lay theory of personality is a self-perception of themselves without input from others without thought on how to proceed. Lay theory differ from scientific theories in several important ways because it a way of self-determination, analysis of self of which only that person can do and it is not based on pure scientific data but on factual detail on that person themselves by self-monitoring and observation of their own behavioral patterns.
5. The term operational definition means that this is a part of the circular process of science where a theory is put in the process in an orderly pattern to test the hypothesis and define the procedure to further test the hypothesis to supports it accuracy. It is the third step in the Circular Process of Science following the proposed deductive reasoning utilized to generate a hypothesis to support the theory.
6. It is important for a scientific theory to be falsifiable because it must be able to be tested and evaluated on its ability to be confirmed or disconfirmed and must be precise enough to suggest research that may support or fail to support its major tenets and if it proves to be falisible then it will have negative refututations and will have to be rejected and force theorist to either discard or modify it.
7. Sex, aggression and anxiety are related to drive by its very nature of innateness, and internal stimulus that is within all people and are a constant motivational force and originate in the id but come under the control of the ego. Each drive has its own form of psychic energy and is characterized by an impetus, a source, an aim and an object.
Ms. Felicia McCaw
Psychology 370
Short Answer
Page 2
8. The term unconscious has two different levels: Unconscious Proper and the Preconscious. The unconscious contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings and actions. (Although we may be conscious of our overt behaviors – we are often are not aware of the mental processes that lie behind them.) Preconscious is all the elements that are not conscious but can be either quite readily available by the conscious or with some difficulty accessing this information or thoughts. (Preconscious is similar to a temporary hold ground when the attention becomes focus on another thought.) A thought or image will become unconscious instead of preconscious due to the lack of communication of each level of conscious thought and which allows the regression pattern to enact and prevent the levels of anxiety levels to escalate or due to an enaction of a defense mechanism that is internally operated.
9. The role of the Ego according to Erikson is an inherent part of self and represents a person as self and is the only region of the mind in contact with reality and grows out of infancy and becomes a person’s sole source of communication with the external world.
This is different from Freud’s idea because he asserts that the ego becomes differentiated from the id when infants learn to distinguish themselves from the outer world whereas the id remains unchanged the ego continues to develop strategies for handling the id’s unrealistic and unrelenting demands for pleasure.
10. Ideas between Erikson’s and Freud’s relating to psychosocial development consist of similarities and differences:
Categories (Erikson) (Freud)
Infancy Infancy is time of incorporation-oral activation as well as activation of various sense organs Oral Phase Development
Early Childhood Primary erogenous zone during this period-sadistic-anal phase-mastering of sphincter muscle and bodily functions, sense of control over interpersonal environment and self control Anal stage 3 – 4 years
Play Age Placed the Oedipus complex is the core of phallic stage.
Oedipal situation as a prototype “of the lifelong power of human playfulness”. Ages 3 -5 years – Oedipus complex is but one of several developments during play age.
School Age Covers development from about 6 to age 12&13. Covers development from about 6 to age 12&13.
Adolescence A period of social latency and during this period a person must gain a firm sense of ego identity. A period of social latency and during this period a person must gain a firm sense of ego identity. ?
Young Adulthood A time from 19 to 30 – acquisition of intimacy at the beginning of the stage and development of generativity at the end. (develop mature genitality, experience the conflict between intimacy and isolation and acquire basis strength of love. A time from 19 to 30 – acquisition of intimacy at the beginning of the stage and development of generativity at the end. (develop mature genitality, experience the conflict between intimacy and isolation and acquire basis strength of love.?
Adulthood The time when people begin to take their place in society and assume responsibility for whatever society produces.
Years 31 to 60 of age. Procreativity – genital contact with an intimate partner. The time when people begin to take their place in society and assume responsibility for whatever society produces.
Years 31 to 60 of age. Procreativity – genital contact with an intimate partner.?
Old Age The final stage of development. From the age of 60 to the end of life. Old age is a time of joy, playfulness and wonder-but is also a time for senility. Generalized sensuality. The final stage of development. From the age of 60 to the end of life. Old age is a time of joy, playfulness and wonder-but is also a time for senility. Generalized sensuality.?
11. In the young adult of the Erikson’s developmental crisis a “ego strength” develops in the adolescence stage where the crisis between identity and identity confusion reaches its ascendance during this stage and from this crisis emerges fidelity – the basic strength of adolescence. Ego strength is the building block for the determination of self and who they are by going through a period of trial and error. If ego strength does not develop then a person would not have established self and self-identity would not be in existence and the person would forever searching for who they are and would subsequently be continuing going through a trial and error period.
(As part of the developmental crisis the ego strength gathers its momentum to help us adapt to the various conflicts and crisis in life and allows us to retain our individuality in the leveling forces of society. (during childhood the ego is weak, pliable, fragile but unifies personality and guards against indivisibity – throughout growing and reaching adolescence it gathers strength. If the ego does not strengthen and develop – a person would not be able to develop the acceptance of themselves as separate – a disjointed collection of pieces that would be the self and unable to function properly as a person without the lack of needed self-esteem.)
12. Adler definition of “fictional final goal” Is that it does not exist but people strive toward superiority or the goal of success for all people but this is a relative impossibility because everyone cannot be superior to everyone not can all attain the goal of success.
(Adler definition of “fictional final goal is that it has no objective existence it unifies personality and renders all behavior comprehensible) (Constructed out of raw materials provided by heredity and environment)
13. The striving force according to Adler is broken up into two secions: One contributes to single dynamic force for superiority and the other is the striving for success to describe actions of people who are motivated by highly developed social interest. *(According to Adler “the striving force” comes from inner self of person – its nature and direction are due both to feelings of inferiority and to the goal of superiority also without the innate movement toward perfection, children would never feel inferior but without these feelings of inferiority they would never set a goal of superiority or success. This goal is set as compensation for the deficit feeling but the deficit feeling would not exist unless a child first possessed a basic tendency toward compensation.
14. The two striving forces are: Striving for Personal Superiority and Striving for Success.
The difference between the two are the one striving force is for personal superiority and have little or no concern for others and is affected partially by feelings of personal feelings of inferiority – while the other who are motivated by social interest and the success of humankind and these adjusted individual are concerned with goals beyond themselves and are capable of helping others without demanding or expect a personal
Payoff and not see others as opponents but as people with whom they can cooperate for social benefit.
15. Social Feeling ( social interest) in the life of healthy human being according to Adler – the value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social interest. (It means a feeling of oneness with all humanity; it implies membership in the social community of all people) Social interest can be defined as an attitude of relatedness with humanity in general as well as an empathy for each member of the human community – it is also the natural condition of the human species and the adhesive that binds society together.
1. List and discuss the six aspects of theories that make them useful
A. Generates Research
B. It is falsifiable
C. Organizes data
D. Guides action
E. It is internally consistent
F. Parsimonious
A. Generates Research – Most important criterion of a useful theory is its ability to stimulate and guide further research.
B. Is Falsifiable – A theory must be evaluated on its ability to be confirmed or disconfirmed and be precise enough to suggest research that may either support or fail to support its major tenets.
C. Organizes Data – A useful theory should be able to organize those research data that are not incompatible with each other.
D. Guides Action – A fourth criterion of a useful theory is its ability to guide the practitioner over the rough course of day-to-day problems.
E. Is Internally Consistent – A useful theory need not be consistent with other theories, but it must be consistent with itself. (Logically Compatible)
F. Is Parsimonious – When two theories are equal in their ability to generate research, be falsified, give meaning to data, guide the practitioner, and be self-consistent, the simpler one is preferred. (Two theories are never exactly equal in these other abilities but, in general simple, straightforward theories are more useful than ones that bog under the weight of complicated concept and esoteric language.
2. Levels of Mind
A. Unconscious – Contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness and motivate most of our words, feelings, and actions.
B. Preconscious – Contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty.
C. Conscious – Can be defined as those mental elements in awareness at any given point in time.
Provinces of Minds
Id – Has no contact with reality yet it strives constantly to reduce tension by satisfying basic desires.
Ego – also known as “I” – is the only region of the mind in contact with reality. It grows out of the Id during infancy and becomes a person’s sole source of communication with the external world.
Super Ego – Represents the moral and ideal aspects of personality and is guided by the moralistic and idealistic principles as opposed to the pleasure principle of the Id and the realistic principle of the ego.
3.
4. List and describe Freud’s “psychosexual stages”.
5. The superego arises or grows out of the ego and like the ego it has no energy of its own.
Developmental stages of childhood and interactions with parents, fear of loss of love or approval, active control of sexual and aggressive impulses, guilt is the result when conflict occurs with moral standards of the superego, feelings of inferiority arise when the ego is unable to meet superego’s standard of perfection. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. The three kinds of anxiety according to Freud are:
A. Neurotic Anxiety – is defined as apprehension about an unknown danger. The feeling itself exists in the ego but it originates from id impulses.
B. Moral Anxiety – Stems from the conflict between the ego and the superego. (Moral Anxiety would result from sexual temptations if a child believes that yielding to the temptation would be morally wrong.)
C. Realistic Anxiety – is closely related to fear. It is defined as an unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger.
They are related to ego’s mechanism of defense because it signals that some danger is at hand and allows the constantly vigilant ego to be alert for signs of threat and danger. Also, defense mechanism are normal and universally used, when carried to an extreme they lead to compulsive, repetitive and neurotic behavior. Anxiety if related to the provinces of the mind because its constantly trying to relieve anxiety and tension by satisfying urges or basic desires.
7. The Defense mechanisms are normal and universally used, when carried to an extreme they lead to compulsive, repetitive, and neurotic behavior. (Be we must expend psychic energy to establish and maintain defense mechanisms, the more defensive we are, the less psychic energy we have left to satisfy id impulses. (The ego’s purpose in establishing defense mechanisms to avoid dealing directly with sexual and aggressive implosives and to defend itself against the anxiety that accompanies them.)
(Principal Defense Mechanisms identified by Freud include repression, reaction formation, displacement, fixation, regression, projection, introjections, and sublimation.)
A. Repression – the ego protects from undesirable id impulses by consciously by repressing those impulses that and forces them into the unconscious.
B. Reaction Formation – is a form of a defensive mechanism because it is consciously repressing the true feeling that a person feeling by trying to shallowly cover it up to prevent knowledge by others.
C. Displacement – This form of a defense mechanism is the procedure in which unwanted urges are redicted onto other objects or people in order to disguise the original impulse. (People can redirect their unacceptable urges onto a variety of people or objects so that original impulse is disguised or concealed.)
D. Fixation – This form of defense mechanism is the permanent attachment of the libido onto an earlier, more primitive stage of development. Fixations are universals. (A defense mechanism that arises when psychic energy is blocked at one stage of development, thus making change or psychological growth difficult.
E. Regression – A defense mechanism whereby a person returns to an earlier stage in order to protect the ego against anxiety. (Once the libido has passed a developmental stage, it may, during times of stress and anxiety, revert back to that earlier stage.)
F. Projection – A defense mechanism described as seeing in others unacceptable feelings or tendencies that actually reside in one’s own unconscious. (These conscious feelings of detrimental values that are owned by self are projected on others as the blame for these values or feelings.)
G. Introjection – A defense mechanism whereby people incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego. An introjections gives the adolescent an inflated sense of self-worth and keeps feelings of inferiority to a minimum.
H. Sublimation – A defense mechanism that involves the repression of the genital aim of Eros and its substitution by a cultural or social aim. (Most of us are capable of sublimating a part of our libido in the service of higher cultural values, while at the same time retaining sufficient amounts of the sexual drive to pursue individual erotic pleasure.)
8. Civilized behavior (civilization) according to Freud is possible because we are able to live together as group of diverse races but underneath the thin veneer of civilization is savageness and the propensity to exploit others for sexual and destructive satisfaction. We are not ordinarily aware of the reasons for our behavior nor are we conscious of the hatred we feel for our friends, family, and lovers but unfortunately the reasons for the combined attempts to psychologically destroy another is a bitter innate trait of jealousy and laziness to covet others property and dehumanize to justify the reason why the veneer of civilization as well as the law of the land is thrown aside to satisfy the compelling need to destroy and rent and beat their breast like the savage that can be and is underneath. Further, this behavior is a watchful trigger to acknowledge that crimes can and will be hidden by the multitude and duplicity is what they wish to embrace as long as it is hidden. The cost is incredible to today’s society because once an opening and okaying is given then this gives a further outlet of other crimes to be committed and is veering on the beginning of bloody crime in the street with no one to give witness or care that this behavior will escalate and escalate until no one is safe.
9. Erikson’s Eight Developmental Crisis (Stages of Psychosocial Development) – Ego Strength and definition of “crisis”.
A. Infancy – A period encompassing approximately the first year of life and paralleling Freud’s oral phase of development. Infancy is a time of incorporation with infants “taking in” not only through their mouth but through their various sense organs as well.
Ego Strength – Hope
B. Early Childhood – A period paralleling Freud’s anal stage and encompassing approximately the 2nd and 3rd years of life.
Ego Strength – Will
C. Play Age – A period covering the same time as Freud’s phallic phase – roughly ages 3 to 5 years. Oedipus complex is but one of several important developments during the play age.
Ego Strength – Purpose
D. School Age – A period covers development from about age 6 to approximately age 12 or 13 and matches the latency years of Freud’s theory.
Ego Strength – Competence
E. Adolescence – A period from puberty to young adulthood is one of the most crucial development stages – a person must gain a firm sense of ego identity.
Ego Strength – Fidelity
F. Young Adulthood – A period from about age 19 to 30 is circumscribed not so much by time as by the acquisition of intimacy at the beginning of the stage and development of generativity at the end.
Ego Strength – Love
G. Adulthood – A period that begin to take place in society and assume responsibility for whatever society produces.
Ego Strength – Care
H. Old Age – A period that begin as the period from about age 60 to the end of life.
Ego Strength – Wisdom
Crisis – Erikson coined the phrase “identity crisis” to indicate a turning point in one’s life that may either strengthen or weaken a person’s personality.
10. According to Horney individuals that are neurotic get locked into vicious cycles because they are unaware of their basic attitude toward people, forced to act with no control over their actions, experience severe and insoluble conflict, limited to a single trend and have nearly no defense against anxiety.
11. According to Horney’s ideas about coping styles encompassed the way of how each style reflects the interaction of how people react in basic conflict, basic anxiety and how they move toward people in a compliant method as a protective stance toward feelings of helpfulness, other people move against people with acts of aggression in order to circumvent hostility of others and others move away from people by assuming a detached manner thus alleviating feelings of isolation – by doing this people take the route of desired need for privacy, independence and self-sufficiency. Again, each of these needs can lead to positive behaviors with some people satisfying their needs in a healthy fashion.
12. Adler’s “style of life” is used to refer to the flavor of a person’s life. It includes a person’s goal, self-concept, feelings for others, and attitude toward the world. It is the product of the interaction of heredity, environment, and a person’s creative power.
It reflects and emphasizes that everyone has a role in life that includes free will to fulfill their goals, encourage and develop self-concept, develop feelings for others and hopefully develop a positive attitude toward the world that we live in or come to accept the world as it is. Fictional goals are goals that guide our style of life, gives unity to our personality and expectations of the future and are ideas that have no real existence yet they influence people as if they really existed. As far as biological determinism Adler I believe did not feel that this affects roles of free will, fictional goals and subjective perceptions and creativity due to inherent characteristics or racial biological superiority or anything that would passed through ones descendants.
Exam 1
Ms. Felicia McCaw
Psychology 370
Short Answer
1. The definition of theory is defined as a set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypothesis.
Five parts
A. A theory is a set of assumptions.
B. A theory is a set of related assumptions.
C. The components of a theory are proven facts in the sense that their validity have been absolutely established.
D. Logical deductive reasoning is used by the researcher to formulate hypothesis.
E. Testable is the final definition and a hypothesis must be able to be tested in some way or otherwise it is worthless.
2. According to the textbook the two things that make a theory of personality useful are – a theory generates a number of hypotheses that can be investigated through a research thus yielding research data and secondly a use theory organizes research data into meaningful structure and provides an explanation for the result of scientific research.
3. The difference between taxonomy and a theory is – taxonomy is a classification of things according to their natural relationships and is essential to the development of a science because without classification of data science could not grow whereas a theory is comprised of a set of related assumptions that scientist use logical deductions to formulate testable hypothesis.
4. A lay theory of personality is a self-perception of themselves without input from others without thought on how to proceed. Lay theory differ from scientific theories in several important ways because it a way of self-determination, analysis of self of which only that person can do and it is not based on pure scientific data but on factual detail on that person themselves by self-monitoring and observation of their own behavioral patterns.
5. The term operational definition means that this is a part of the circular process of science where a theory is put in the process in an orderly pattern to test the hypothesis and define the procedure to further test the hypothesis to supports it accuracy. It is the third step in the Circular Process of Science following the proposed deductive reasoning utilized to generate a hypothesis to support the theory.
6. It is important for a scientific theory to be falsifiable because it must be able to be tested and evaluated on its ability to be confirmed or disconfirmed and must be precise enough to suggest research that may support or fail to support its major tenets and if it proves to be falisible then it will have negative refututations and will have to be rejected and force theorist to either discard or modify it.
7. Sex, aggression and anxiety are related to drive by its very nature of innateness, and internal stimulus that is within all people and are a constant motivational force and originate in the id but come under the control of the ego. Each drive has its own form of psychic energy and is characterized by an impetus, a source, an aim and an object.
Ms. Felicia McCaw
Psychology 370
Short Answer
Page 2
8. The term unconscious has two different levels: Unconscious Proper and the Preconscious. The unconscious contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings and actions. (Although we may be conscious of our overt behaviors – we are often are not aware of the mental processes that lie behind them.) Preconscious is all the elements that are not conscious but can be either quite readily available by the conscious or with some difficulty accessing this information or thoughts. (Preconscious is similar to a temporary hold ground when the attention becomes focus on another thought.) A thought or image will become unconscious instead of preconscious due to the lack of communication of each level of conscious thought and which allows the regression pattern to enact and prevent the levels of anxiety levels to escalate or due to an enaction of a defense mechanism that is internally operated.
9. The role of the Ego according to Erikson is an inherent part of self and represents a person as self and is the only region of the mind in contact with reality and grows out of infancy and becomes a person’s sole source of communication with the external world.
This is different from Freud’s idea because he asserts that the ego becomes differentiated from the id when infants learn to distinguish themselves from the outer world whereas the id remains unchanged the ego continues to develop strategies for handling the id’s unrealistic and unrelenting demands for pleasure.
10. Ideas between Erikson’s and Freud’s relating to psychosocial development consist of similarities and differences:
Categories (Erikson) (Freud)
Infancy Infancy is time of incorporation-oral activation as well as activation of various sense organs Oral Phase Development
Early Childhood Primary erogenous zone during this period-sadistic-anal phase-mastering of sphincter muscle and bodily functions, sense of control over interpersonal environment and self control Anal stage 3 – 4 years
Play Age Placed the Oedipus complex is the core of phallic stage.
Oedipal situation as a prototype “of the lifelong power of human playfulness”. Ages 3 -5 years – Oedipus complex is but one of several developments during play age.
School Age Covers development from about 6 to age 12&13. Covers development from about 6 to age 12&13.
Adolescence A period of social latency and during this period a person must gain a firm sense of ego identity. A period of social latency and during this period a person must gain a firm sense of ego identity. ?
Young Adulthood A time from 19 to 30 – acquisition of intimacy at the beginning of the stage and development of generativity at the end. (develop mature genitality, experience the conflict between intimacy and isolation and acquire basis strength of love. A time from 19 to 30 – acquisition of intimacy at the beginning of the stage and development of generativity at the end. (develop mature genitality, experience the conflict between intimacy and isolation and acquire basis strength of love.?
Adulthood The time when people begin to take their place in society and assume responsibility for whatever society produces.
Years 31 to 60 of age. Procreativity – genital contact with an intimate partner. The time when people begin to take their place in society and assume responsibility for whatever society produces.
Years 31 to 60 of age. Procreativity – genital contact with an intimate partner.?
Old Age The final stage of development. From the age of 60 to the end of life. Old age is a time of joy, playfulness and wonder-but is also a time for senility. Generalized sensuality. The final stage of development. From the age of 60 to the end of life. Old age is a time of joy, playfulness and wonder-but is also a time for senility. Generalized sensuality.?
11. In the young adult of the Erikson’s developmental crisis a “ego strength” develops in the adolescence stage where the crisis between identity and identity confusion reaches its ascendance during this stage and from this crisis emerges fidelity – the basic strength of adolescence. Ego strength is the building block for the determination of self and who they are by going through a period of trial and error. If ego strength does not develop then a person would not have established self and self-identity would not be in existence and the person would forever searching for who they are and would subsequently be continuing going through a trial and error period.
(As part of the developmental crisis the ego strength gathers its momentum to help us adapt to the various conflicts and crisis in life and allows us to retain our individuality in the leveling forces of society. (during childhood the ego is weak, pliable, fragile but unifies personality and guards against indivisibity – throughout growing and reaching adolescence it gathers strength. If the ego does not strengthen and develop – a person would not be able to develop the acceptance of themselves as separate – a disjointed collection of pieces that would be the self and unable to function properly as a person without the lack of needed self-esteem.)
12. Adler definition of “fictional final goal” Is that it does not exist but people strive toward superiority or the goal of success for all people but this is a relative impossibility because everyone cannot be superior to everyone not can all attain the goal of success.
(Adler definition of “fictional final goal is that it has no objective existence it unifies personality and renders all behavior comprehensible) (Constructed out of raw materials provided by heredity and environment)
13. The striving force according to Adler is broken up into two secions: One contributes to single dynamic force for superiority and the other is the striving for success to describe actions of people who are motivated by highly developed social interest. *(According to Adler “the striving force” comes from inner self of person – its nature and direction are due both to feelings of inferiority and to the goal of superiority also without the innate movement toward perfection, children would never feel inferior but without these feelings of inferiority they would never set a goal of superiority or success. This goal is set as compensation for the deficit feeling but the deficit feeling would not exist unless a child first possessed a basic tendency toward compensation.
14. The two striving forces are: Striving for Personal Superiority and Striving for Success.
The difference between the two are the one striving force is for personal superiority and have little or no concern for others and is affected partially by feelings of personal feelings of inferiority – while the other who are motivated by social interest and the success of humankind and these adjusted individual are concerned with goals beyond themselves and are capable of helping others without demanding or expect a personal
Payoff and not see others as opponents but as people with whom they can cooperate for social benefit.
15. Social Feeling ( social interest) in the life of healthy human being according to Adler – the value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social interest. (It means a feeling of oneness with all humanity; it implies membership in the social community of all people) Social interest can be defined as an attitude of relatedness with humanity in general as well as an empathy for each member of the human community – it is also the natural condition of the human species and the adhesive that binds society together.
1. List and discuss the six aspects of theories that make them useful
A. Generates Research
B. It is falsifiable
C. Organizes data
D. Guides action
E. It is internally consistent
F. Parsimonious
A. Generates Research – Most important criterion of a useful theory is its ability to stimulate and guide further research.
B. Is Falsifiable – A theory must be evaluated on its ability to be confirmed or disconfirmed and be precise enough to suggest research that may either support or fail to support its major tenets.
C. Organizes Data – A useful theory should be able to organize those research data that are not incompatible with each other.
D. Guides Action – A fourth criterion of a useful theory is its ability to guide the practitioner over the rough course of day-to-day problems.
E. Is Internally Consistent – A useful theory need not be consistent with other theories, but it must be consistent with itself. (Logically Compatible)
F. Is Parsimonious – When two theories are equal in their ability to generate research, be falsified, give meaning to data, guide the practitioner, and be self-consistent, the simpler one is preferred. (Two theories are never exactly equal in these other abilities but, in general simple, straightforward theories are more useful than ones that bog under the weight of complicated concept and esoteric language.
2. Levels of Mind
A. Unconscious – Contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness and motivate most of our words, feelings, and actions.
B. Preconscious – Contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty.
C. Conscious – Can be defined as those mental elements in awareness at any given point in time.
Provinces of Minds
Id – Has no contact with reality yet it strives constantly to reduce tension by satisfying basic desires.
Ego – also known as “I” – is the only region of the mind in contact with reality. It grows out of the Id during infancy and becomes a person’s sole source of communication with the external world.
Super Ego – Represents the moral and ideal aspects of personality and is guided by the moralistic and idealistic principles as opposed to the pleasure principle of the Id and the realistic principle of the ego.
3.
4. List and describe Freud’s “psychosexual stages”.
5. The superego arises or grows out of the ego and like the ego it has no energy of its own.
Developmental stages of childhood and interactions with parents, fear of loss of love or approval, active control of sexual and aggressive impulses, guilt is the result when conflict occurs with moral standards of the superego, feelings of inferiority arise when the ego is unable to meet superego’s standard of perfection. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. The three kinds of anxiety according to Freud are:
A. Neurotic Anxiety – is defined as apprehension about an unknown danger. The feeling itself exists in the ego but it originates from id impulses.
B. Moral Anxiety – Stems from the conflict between the ego and the superego. (Moral Anxiety would result from sexual temptations if a child believes that yielding to the temptation would be morally wrong.)
C. Realistic Anxiety – is closely related to fear. It is defined as an unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger.
They are related to ego’s mechanism of defense because it signals that some danger is at hand and allows the constantly vigilant ego to be alert for signs of threat and danger. Also, defense mechanism are normal and universally used, when carried to an extreme they lead to compulsive, repetitive and neurotic behavior. Anxiety if related to the provinces of the mind because its constantly trying to relieve anxiety and tension by satisfying urges or basic desires.
7. The Defense mechanisms are normal and universally used, when carried to an extreme they lead to compulsive, repetitive, and neurotic behavior. (Be we must expend psychic energy to establish and maintain defense mechanisms, the more defensive we are, the less psychic energy we have left to satisfy id impulses. (The ego’s purpose in establishing defense mechanisms to avoid dealing directly with sexual and aggressive implosives and to defend itself against the anxiety that accompanies them.)
(Principal Defense Mechanisms identified by Freud include repression, reaction formation, displacement, fixation, regression, projection, introjections, and sublimation.)
A. Repression – the ego protects from undesirable id impulses by consciously by repressing those impulses that and forces them into the unconscious.
B. Reaction Formation – is a form of a defensive mechanism because it is consciously repressing the true feeling that a person feeling by trying to shallowly cover it up to prevent knowledge by others.
C. Displacement – This form of a defense mechanism is the procedure in which unwanted urges are redicted onto other objects or people in order to disguise the original impulse. (People can redirect their unacceptable urges onto a variety of people or objects so that original impulse is disguised or concealed.)
D. Fixation – This form of defense mechanism is the permanent attachment of the libido onto an earlier, more primitive stage of development. Fixations are universals. (A defense mechanism that arises when psychic energy is blocked at one stage of development, thus making change or psychological growth difficult.
E. Regression – A defense mechanism whereby a person returns to an earlier stage in order to protect the ego against anxiety. (Once the libido has passed a developmental stage, it may, during times of stress and anxiety, revert back to that earlier stage.)
F. Projection – A defense mechanism described as seeing in others unacceptable feelings or tendencies that actually reside in one’s own unconscious. (These conscious feelings of detrimental values that are owned by self are projected on others as the blame for these values or feelings.)
G. Introjection – A defense mechanism whereby people incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego. An introjections gives the adolescent an inflated sense of self-worth and keeps feelings of inferiority to a minimum.
H. Sublimation – A defense mechanism that involves the repression of the genital aim of Eros and its substitution by a cultural or social aim. (Most of us are capable of sublimating a part of our libido in the service of higher cultural values, while at the same time retaining sufficient amounts of the sexual drive to pursue individual erotic pleasure.)
8. Civilized behavior (civilization) according to Freud is possible because we are able to live together as group of diverse races but underneath the thin veneer of civilization is savageness and the propensity to exploit others for sexual and destructive satisfaction. We are not ordinarily aware of the reasons for our behavior nor are we conscious of the hatred we feel for our friends, family, and lovers but unfortunately the reasons for the combined attempts to psychologically destroy another is a bitter innate trait of jealousy and laziness to covet others property and dehumanize to justify the reason why the veneer of civilization as well as the law of the land is thrown aside to satisfy the compelling need to destroy and rent and beat their breast like the savage that can be and is underneath. Further, this behavior is a watchful trigger to acknowledge that crimes can and will be hidden by the multitude and duplicity is what they wish to embrace as long as it is hidden. The cost is incredible to today’s society because once an opening and okaying is given then this gives a further outlet of other crimes to be committed and is veering on the beginning of bloody crime in the street with no one to give witness or care that this behavior will escalate and escalate until no one is safe.
9. Erikson’s Eight Developmental Crisis (Stages of Psychosocial Development) – Ego Strength and definition of “crisis”.
A. Infancy – A period encompassing approximately the first year of life and paralleling Freud’s oral phase of development. Infancy is a time of incorporation with infants “taking in” not only through their mouth but through their various sense organs as well.
Ego Strength – Hope
B. Early Childhood – A period paralleling Freud’s anal stage and encompassing approximately the 2nd and 3rd years of life.
Ego Strength – Will
C. Play Age – A period covering the same time as Freud’s phallic phase – roughly ages 3 to 5 years. Oedipus complex is but one of several important developments during the play age.
Ego Strength – Purpose
D. School Age – A period covers development from about age 6 to approximately age 12 or 13 and matches the latency years of Freud’s theory.
Ego Strength – Competence
E. Adolescence – A period from puberty to young adulthood is one of the most crucial development stages – a person must gain a firm sense of ego identity.
Ego Strength – Fidelity
F. Young Adulthood – A period from about age 19 to 30 is circumscribed not so much by time as by the acquisition of intimacy at the beginning of the stage and development of generativity at the end.
Ego Strength – Love
G. Adulthood – A period that begin to take place in society and assume responsibility for whatever society produces.
Ego Strength – Care
H. Old Age – A period that begin as the period from about age 60 to the end of life.
Ego Strength – Wisdom
Crisis – Erikson coined the phrase “identity crisis” to indicate a turning point in one’s life that may either strengthen or weaken a person’s personality.
10. According to Horney individuals that are neurotic get locked into vicious cycles because they are unaware of their basic attitude toward people, forced to act with no control over their actions, experience severe and insoluble conflict, limited to a single trend and have nearly no defense against anxiety.
11. According to Horney’s ideas about coping styles encompassed the way of how each style reflects the interaction of how people react in basic conflict, basic anxiety and how they move toward people in a compliant method as a protective stance toward feelings of helpfulness, other people move against people with acts of aggression in order to circumvent hostility of others and others move away from people by assuming a detached manner thus alleviating feelings of isolation – by doing this people take the route of desired need for privacy, independence and self-sufficiency. Again, each of these needs can lead to positive behaviors with some people satisfying their needs in a healthy fashion.
12. Adler’s “style of life” is used to refer to the flavor of a person’s life. It includes a person’s goal, self-concept, feelings for others, and attitude toward the world. It is the product of the interaction of heredity, environment, and a person’s creative power.
It reflects and emphasizes that everyone has a role in life that includes free will to fulfill their goals, encourage and develop self-concept, develop feelings for others and hopefully develop a positive attitude toward the world that we live in or come to accept the world as it is. Fictional goals are goals that guide our style of life, gives unity to our personality and expectations of the future and are ideas that have no real existence yet they influence people as if they really existed. As far as biological determinism Adler I believe did not feel that this affects roles of free will, fictional goals and subjective perceptions and creativity due to inherent characteristics or racial biological superiority or anything that would passed through ones descendants.
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